{"id":30362,"date":"2026-06-23T14:13:04","date_gmt":"2026-06-23T12:13:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/?page_id=30362"},"modified":"2026-06-24T12:26:40","modified_gmt":"2026-06-24T10:26:40","slug":"5g","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/why-cubro\/5g\/","title":{"rendered":"5G"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull getwid-section-content-full-width\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:100px;padding-bottom:40px\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\" style=\"background-image:url('https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/header-images_single-white-paper-pages_5G-security.png');background-position:center left\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-image-wrapper\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/header-images_single-white-paper-pages_5G-security.png\" alt=\"\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\" style=\"opacity:0.7;background-color:#0f3051\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:16%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading has-custom-font-size\" id=\"g5dd50d984988\" style=\"font-size:100px\"><h1 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color has-nv-site-bg-color\" style=\"text-align:center\">5G<\/h1><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\"><nav aria-label=\"breadcrumbs\" class=\"rank-math-breadcrumb\"><p><span class=\"last\">Home<\/span><\/p><\/nav>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:10%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center has-neve-text-color-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-b96b538818441fdaaf3e8dad5b38919d is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading has-custom-font-size\" style=\"font-size:30px\"><p class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\">Content Guide<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-table-of-contents is-style-default\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-table-of-contents__list\"><li><a href=\"#g4c13ce0b624d\">What is 5G?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#g03a7a8142328\">Service Based Architecture<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#ge1d891faae0f\">5G Security<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#gc82c7edb3fba\">5G SA <\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#gba3d621205bf\">5G FAQ<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/service-provider-category_5G_small.jpg\" alt=\"image of 5G\" class=\"wp-image-12522\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.5009838962290671;width:456px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/service-provider-category_5G_small.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/service-provider-category_5G_small-480x320.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/service-provider-category_5G_small-240x160.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/service-provider-category_5G_small-768x512.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull getwid-margin-top-normal getwid-margin-bottom-normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#c47e39\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g4c13ce0b624d\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color has-nv-site-bg-color\" style=\"text-align:center\">What is 5G?<\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"gb24920b24c07\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\" style=\"text-align:left\">Success or Failure?<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Seven years after its commercial launch, 5G covers more than half the world&#8217;s population &#8211; making it the fastest-adopted mobile technology in history. And yet, the question keeps coming up: is 5G actually delivering on its promise?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/images-wp-pages_5g-security_netw-sec.jpeg\" alt=\"image of locks for 5G security network security - Cubro Network Visibility\" class=\"wp-image-21675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/images-wp-pages_5g-security_netw-sec.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/images-wp-pages_5g-security_netw-sec-480x251.jpeg 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/images-wp-pages_5g-security_netw-sec-240x126.jpeg 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/images-wp-pages_5g-security_netw-sec-768x402.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The honest answer is: it depends on who you ask. For consumers, 5G has largely meant faster and better quality video streaming. For network engineers and communication service providers (CSPs), the picture is more complex &#8211; and more interesting. There are real gains in capacity, energy efficiency and IoT connectivity. There are also genuine challenges in monetisation, network optimisation and the technical complexity of 5G Standalone (SA) deployments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Let&#8217;s look at 5G from multiple angles &#8211; the technology evolution, the benefits, the obstacles, and where the industry stands today. If you work in telecoms or enterprise networking, this is the context that matters.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#12668d\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\" style=\"opacity:0.82;background-color:var(--nv-site-bg)\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g7afd29cf031e\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\" style=\"text-align:left\">Evolution to 5G<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first European digital wireless technology was called GSM, later also called 2G. Originally, it catered for circuit-switched calls and SMSs to be enhanced with data using General Packet Radio System (GPRS) and EDGE.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3G has the same architecture for data using SGSN and GGSN and circuit switched calls. The data speed increased from approximately 100 kbps up to 10 Mbps.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4G moved to all IP based architecture using Evolved Packet Core (EPC) and IP calls \u2013 Voice Over LTE (LTE). Data architecture started to use Mobile Management Entity (MME), Serving Gateway (SGW) and Packet Gateway (PGW).&nbsp; The 4G radios called eNodeB integrate 3G\u2019s NodeB and RNC functions. Data speeds reached 100 \u2013 200 Mbps.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over-the-top (OTT) applications rely on sufficient network bandwidth. 4G networks can provide enough bandwidth, and the latency, jitter and packet loss are often acceptable, however the limited bandwidth of the 4G network may cause undesirable user experience.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5G is the fifth generation of wireless cellular communications and mobile network technology succeeding 4G. It uses 5G New Radio (5G NR) that offers 10-100x faster speed with a much lower latency.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following diagrams illustrate technology of the 4G and 5G core.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic-5GEvolution_4G-EPC-Architecture.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"829\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic-5GEvolution_4G-EPC-Architecture-1280x829.png\" alt=\"Cubro Network Visibility Tech Graphic for 5G Evolution 4G-EPC-Architecture\" class=\"wp-image-30409\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.5440616270210785;object-fit:cover;width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic-5GEvolution_4G-EPC-Architecture-1280x829.png 1280w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic-5GEvolution_4G-EPC-Architecture-480x311.png 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic-5GEvolution_4G-EPC-Architecture-240x155.png 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic-5GEvolution_4G-EPC-Architecture-768x497.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic-5GEvolution_4G-EPC-Architecture-1536x995.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic-5GEvolution_4G-EPC-Architecture.png 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">Simplified 4G EPC Architecture and 5G NSA<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5G can use the same packet core as 4G. This setup is called 5G Non-standalone (NSA). 5G NSA offers a simpler migration from 4G to 5G due to the same core as with 4G.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5G standalone (5G SA) uses a new 5G cloud native core for control plane. User Plane traffic is handled by User Function (UPF). When 4G relies on MME, 5G uses AMF, SMF and AUSF. 5G handles SGW\/PGW functions with SMF and UPF. 5G SA has lower latency and it is capable of offering services previously not possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:32px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"828\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic-5GEvolution_5G-SA-Architecture-1280x828.png\" alt=\"Cubro Network Visibility Tech Graphic for 5G Evolution 5G-SA-Architecture\" class=\"wp-image-30410\" style=\"width:700px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic-5GEvolution_5G-SA-Architecture-1280x828.png 1280w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic-5GEvolution_5G-SA-Architecture-480x311.png 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic-5GEvolution_5G-SA-Architecture-240x155.png 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic-5GEvolution_5G-SA-Architecture-768x497.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic-5GEvolution_5G-SA-Architecture-1536x994.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic-5GEvolution_5G-SA-Architecture.png 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">Simplified 5G SA architecture<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g21e84b416d57\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\" style=\"text-align:left\">5G Benefits<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading has-custom-font-size\" style=\"font-size:20px\"><p class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\" style=\"line-height:35px\">Key Benefits and Enhancements in 5G<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Compared to 4G, 5G offers higher speeds, lower latency, and increased capacity. Probably the biggest improvement is in the 5G New Radio. 5G NR uses advanced beamforming, massive MIMO and with its Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), it can utilize available spectrum more efficiently.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Video represents the largest portion of mobile traffic and the market has seen the benefits of Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB).&nbsp;The other use cases for eMBB: cloud gaming, virtual reality (VR), and augmented reality (AR) are not yet well utilized.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLCC) has yet to live up to expectations. On the other hand, Massive Machine-Type Communication (mMTC) support for large-scale connectivity for the Internet of Things (IoT) has demonstrated its usefulness. 3GPP standard Reduced Capability (RedCap) will further accelerate this development allowing billions of devices and low-cost sensors to connect efficiently (for example smart factories, smart homes, and smart cities).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to Ericsson\u2019s Mobility Report November 2025, the data traffic has grown 9-fold from year 2018 to year 2025. 5G has an important role in enabling traffic growth by accounting for 43% of the total mobile data traffic at the end of 2025.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#12668d\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\" style=\"opacity:0.82;background-color:var(--nv-site-bg)\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g74bda04fe8c3\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\" style=\"text-align:left\">5G Challenges<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Global System for Mobile Communications Association (GSMA) notes that seven years after the commercial launch of 5G in 2019, the global connectivity landscape has reached a new phase in its evolution. At the end of 2025, more than half of the world\u2019s population was covered by a 5G network, making it the fastest\u2011adopted mobile technology to date.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">GSMA uses the 5G Connectivity Index (5GI) based on 5G Infrastructure, services, coverage, performance, adoption, usage, affordability and the regulatory environment. The leaders measured by 5GI are the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states, Nordic countries, developed Asia Pacific, Mainland China and the US.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite the fast adoption there are challenges. From the Communication Service Provider (CSP) perspective the biggest challenge is the monetization, which was already a challenge with 4G &#8211; not only a 5G problem. Some markets, China, GCC and the US see accelerated enterprise digital transformation, speed-based mobile broadband pricing and the use of 5G FWA. CSPs are actively expanding the use of AI to enable automatic operations. This process is easier if 5G SA and 5G Advanced are deployed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is typical for a cellular network to have varying quality in different areas, for example, related to the coverage and\/or capacity. User traffic may be focused on hot spots and therefore, a careful and continuous network optimization is needed. Without good network optimization it is possible that 5G does not exceed 4G performance. This is an area where all CSPs are automating the network optimization using also AI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For some, 5G may be a disappointment due to the fact that it was marketed as a revolutionary technology, although in reality, it has been seen only offering speed improvement compared to 4G. Indeed, 5G was advertised to enable virtual reality, remote surgery and autonomous vehicles while consumers wanted to pay less and get more \u2013 in practical terms, this meant faster connections and smooth video streaming.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1268\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Graphic-5GChallenges_gold-1280x1268.png\" alt=\"Cubro Network Visibility Graphic for 5G challenges\" class=\"wp-image-30438\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.0086900199708533;width:517px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Graphic-5GChallenges_gold-1280x1268.png 1280w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Graphic-5GChallenges_gold-480x476.png 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Graphic-5GChallenges_gold-240x238.png 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Graphic-5GChallenges_gold-768x761.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Graphic-5GChallenges_gold-1536x1522.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Graphic-5GChallenges_gold.png 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Technically, it has been challenging for the industry to manage 5G SA. 3GPP 5G standard includes Network Data Analytics Function (NWDAF) as a component to collect data, to analyse and expose data to other network functions. NWDAF however, is not well suited for subscriber-specific data analytics. For this reason, all the network vendors have created their own methods for extracting 5G Core data to analytics tools. In addition to the complexity of data extraction, another aspect is the format of the data extracted. Instead of having interface data as before, 5G SA data extraction is message-based. In multi-vendor core networks, this is especially challenging.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g00be96adf1ae\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\" style=\"text-align:left\">5G Summary<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So, is 5G a success or a failure? Depends on the angle that you are looking at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a technology, 5G is a success. It handles exponentially more data, uses energy more efficiently than 4G, and is enabling large-scale IoT connectivity that was not practical before. The infrastructure is real, the adoption curve is steep, and the engineering progress, particularly in 5G New Radio, is significant.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Monetisation remains the hardest problem for many CSPs. Some of the services that were going to justify the investment have not arrived at scale. What CSPs have is a much better bit pipe.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;The real technical challenge is in the 5G SA. 5G Standalone deployments introduce significant complexity around data extraction, multi-vendor interoperability and network analytics in addition to the new cloud native environment. This is where the gap between what 5G promises and what networks can actually observe and manage becomes critical. Network visibility, knowing exactly what is flowing across your 5G infrastructure, is no longer optional. It is the foundation for optimisation, security and the AI-driven automation that CSPs are now investing in.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A European operator recently put it plainly: 5G delivers roughly eight times the energy efficiency and capacity of 4G &#8211; a genuine technical achievement. But that improvement is largely invisible to the average subscriber. In many markets, consumers are not upgrading to 5G because they want it. They are upgrading because 4G networks in dense urban areas are becoming congested, and 5G is what keeps their experience from getting worse. That is a harder story to tell to an investor than &#8220;revolutionary new service.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The picture is not the same in countries with a huge number of subscribers. A CEO of a Southeast Asian operator running a network of 100 million subscribers told a different story. Average Revenue Per User is 2.50 USD per month, but despite the ARPU the goal is not only to serve all the subscribers, but also to democratize AI making it available for all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These two perspectives are not contradictory. They reflect the same underlying reality: 5G&#8217;s value is real, but it is showing up in infrastructure efficiency and network capacity rather than in the consumer-facing services that were originally envisioned.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull getwid-margin-top-normal getwid-margin-bottom-normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#c47e39\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g03a7a8142328\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color has-nv-site-bg-color\" style=\"text-align:center\">Service Based Architecture<\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g938aa564de87\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\" style=\"text-align:left\">5G Technology<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5G<\/strong> is the fifth-generation mobile network technology that brings higher speeds, lower latency, and greater capacity than previous generations. It has the potential to revolutionize various industries, from telecommunications to IoT, enabling advanced use cases like <strong>smart cities<\/strong>, <strong>autonomous vehicles<\/strong>, and <strong>industrial automation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>5G system (5GS)<\/strong> includes <strong>User Equipment (UE)<\/strong>, a <strong>5G Base Station (gNB)<\/strong>, and a <strong>5G Core Network (5GC)<\/strong>. Together, these components support a wide range of services that 5G networks offer, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:70%\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB)<\/strong>: Providing faster internet speeds for applications like video streaming, virtual reality, and cloud gaming.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLCC)<\/strong>: Essential for critical applications like remote surgery, autonomous driving, and industrial automation, where low-latency, real-time communication is crucial.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Massive Machine-Type Communication (mMTC)<\/strong>: Supporting large-scale connectivity for IoT devices, allowing billions of devices to connect and communicate efficiently.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:15%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#12668d\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\" style=\"opacity:0.82;background-color:var(--nv-site-bg)\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"gdeb891ce1ba2\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\">5G Core Network<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:60%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"678\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_1-1280x678.png\" alt=\"Cubro Network Visibility Tech Graphic for Service Based Architecture for 5G System - 1\" class=\"wp-image-30375\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.8879067222292376;width:593px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_1-1280x678.png 1280w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_1-480x254.png 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_1-240x127.png 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_1-768x407.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_1-1536x813.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_1-2048x1085.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:40%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A 5G System (5GS) consists of User Equipment (UE), 5G Base station (gNB), 5G and a 5G Core Network (5GC) as illustrated in following Figure 1. In 5GS architecture, the 5GC is located at heart and enables the 5G RAN to support 3GPP defined three use cases, i.e. Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLCC) and Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3GPP has defined 5G Core to utilize cloud virtualisation, service-based architecture (SBA) across all 5G functions and procedures, including authentication, security, session management and aggregation of traffic from end devices. The 5G core network supports the Virtualization of software functions to use NFVI in design 5G Networks, including MEC infrastructure. The new architecture has adopted separation of user plane and control plane functions, which enables independent scaling of the control and user plane functions, e.g. a Mobile Network Operator (MNO) can add more user plane functions without adding more control plane and vice versa depending on deployment strategies. User plane functions could be distributed geographically close to 5G RAN to minimise user plane latency, while control plane functions could be centralised to get benefits of Virtualization.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"264\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_2-1280x264.png\" alt=\"Cubro Network Visibility Tech Graphic for Service Based Architecture for 5G System - 2\" class=\"wp-image-30376\" style=\"width:800px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_2-1280x264.png 1280w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_2-480x99.png 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_2-240x50.png 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_2-768x159.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_2-1536x317.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_2-2048x423.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:28px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In \u2018Service based\u2019 architecture, the set of Network Elements (NEs) is replaced with a set of Network Functions (NFs). Each Network Function can provide services to other Network Functions, i.e. each Network Function is a service provider. The point-to-point interfaces are replaced by a common bus which inter-connects all Network Functions. The services are specified for the Network Function providing them, instead of each pair providing and consuming Network.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"416\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_3-1280x416.png\" alt=\"Cubro Network Visibility Tech Graphic for Service Based Architecture for 5G System - 3\" class=\"wp-image-30377\" style=\"width:800px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_3-1280x416.png 1280w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_3-480x156.png 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_3-240x78.png 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_3-768x249.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_3-1536x499.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_3-2048x665.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"gb68ca0abadee\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\">5G System Architecture<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5G System Service Based architecture includes a set of Network Functions (NFs), and a common bus known as a service bus to inter-connect the Network Functions. The Service Based architecture is applicable to the control plane, and Reference Point architecture is used for the user plane of the 5G Core Network.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The interface naming for the Reference point is given as a number with the letter \u201cN\u201d like N2, N3 or N4. N2 is the logical reference point between gNB and AMF, whereas N3 is a reference point between gNB and UPF. The naming for service based interface includes network function name with the letter \u201cN,\u201d e.g. Namf is the interface between AMF network function and Common Service Bus.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Network Repository Function (NRF) is the main network function in service based architecture and plays a key role. All network functions register the services they offer with the NRF using the service registration procedure, and later they use the NRF as a database to discover the services offered by other Network with service discovery and service authorization procedure.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"769\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_4-1280x769.png\" alt=\"Cubro Network Visibility Tech Graphic for Service Based Architecture for 5G System - 4\" class=\"wp-image-30378\" style=\"width:641px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_4-1280x769.png 1280w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_4-480x288.png 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_4-240x144.png 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_4-768x461.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_4-1536x923.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/TechGraphic_ServiceBasedArchitecture-5GSystems_4-2048x1230.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Within Service Based Architecture, Network Functions communicate to each other using http protocols defined methods like POST, GET, PUT, PATCH and DELETE.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Service Based architecture represents a move towards a cloud implementation of the Core Network. Legacy Core Networks have been deployed using separate hardware for each Network Element. Today 5G Core Networks use cloud-native network functions (CNF). Microservices and CNFs provide better resource efficiency, resiliency and higher availability. CNF also promises less downtime in the network.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull getwid-margin-top-normal getwid-margin-bottom-normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#c47e39\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"ge1d891faae0f\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color has-nv-site-bg-color\" style=\"text-align:center\">5G Security<\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g2b3d95a82235\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"text-align:left;color:#0f3051\">What  is 5G Security?<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5G has introduced a number of improvements in security compared to 4G. 5G standards development has adopted \u2018Secure by Design\u2019 principles, using for example Mutual Authentication and acknowledging that all links could be tapped, but making sure that the encrypted information is worthless when intercepted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Security is a wide topic and has different angles to it, for example, ITU-T has defined eight security dimensions shown in the table below. While these are important factors, this White Paper focuses more on the 5G network security measures and attempts to bring how to utilize data regardless of regulation and tight security in the summary section.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/images-wp-pages_5g-security.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-21672\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/images-wp-pages_5g-security.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/images-wp-pages_5g-security-480x251.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/images-wp-pages_5g-security-240x126.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/images-wp-pages_5g-security-768x402.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull getwid-margin-bottom-none\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:25%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/CUB-5G-Security-WP.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"595\" height=\"842\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/CUB-5G-Security-WP_cover.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-21702\" style=\"width:207px;height:294px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/CUB-5G-Security-WP_cover.png 595w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/CUB-5G-Security-WP_cover-339x480.png 339w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/CUB-5G-Security-WP_cover-170x240.png 170w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 595px) 100vw, 595px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Download White Paper<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:75%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-regular\"><table class=\"has-text-color\" style=\"color:#0f3051\"><thead><tr><th><strong>Security Dimension<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Description<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Access control<\/td><td>Protects against unauthorized use of network resources<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Authentication<\/td><td>Confirms identities and ensures validity of claimed identities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Non-repudiation<\/td><td>Means for associating actions with entities<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Data confidentiality<\/td><td>Data protection from unauthorized disclosure<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Communication security<\/td><td>Information flow only allowed between authorized end points<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Data integrity<\/td><td>Correctness and accuracy of data<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Availability<\/td><td>No denial of authorized access to network resources or data<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Privacy<\/td><td>Protection of information that might be derived from the observation of network activities<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull getwid-margin-top-none\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-none getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The importance of security is increasing continuously as we become more and more dependent on digital services. The number of connections is increasing exponentially with M2M and IoT. Therefore, aspects such as trusted ID, trusted SW, secure configuration, trustworthy data, protected communication, privacy and physical security are gaining more relevance not only in IoT communication, but in telecommunications in general.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#12668d\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\" style=\"opacity:0.82;background-color:var(--nv-site-bg)\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"ge0519d79b2e2\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"text-align:left;color:#0f3051\">Device Protection<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"margin-bottom-0 wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5G has several enhancements in subscriber security:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-top is-not-stacked-on-mobile o-sticky o-sticky-scope-main-area o-sticky-pos-top o-sticky-bhvr-keep is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Protects the confidentiality of the initial non-access stratum (NAS) messages between the device and the network. It is no longer possible to trace user equipment (UE) using current attack methodologies over the radio interface, protecting against man in the middle (MITM) and fake base station (Stingray\/IMSI catcher) attacks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Home control \u2013 a mechanism that requires the home network to check the authentication status of the device in the visited network preventing various roaming fraud types.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-top is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Unified authentication, for example, for WLAN, allowing 5G networks to manage previously unmanaged and unsecured connections.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>User plane integrity checking, ensuring the user traffic is not modified during transit.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enhanced privacy protection with the use of public\/private key pairs to conceal the subscriber&#8217;s identity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">UE keys are stored in the Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) and the home environment to enable network access security. There are two trust domains, tamper proof universal integrated circuit card on which the USIM resides as a trust anchor and the Mobile Equipment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Subscription Permanent Identifier (SUPI), equivalent to IMSI in 4G, is encrypted and available as SUCI, Subscriber Concealed Identifier. Naturally, the air interface between UE and gNB is encrypted.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g2789b673d781\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"text-align:left;color:#0f3051\">Network Protection<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/images-wp-pages_5g-security_netw-sec.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-21675\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/images-wp-pages_5g-security_netw-sec.jpeg 1200w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/images-wp-pages_5g-security_netw-sec-480x251.jpeg 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/images-wp-pages_5g-security_netw-sec-240x126.jpeg 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/images-wp-pages_5g-security_netw-sec-768x402.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">RAN is separated into Distributed Units (DU) and Central Units (CU). DU doesn\u2019t have any access to customer communications. IPSec is typically used for the connection from gNB to backhaul.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">On the core side AMF serves as a termination point for NAS security. AMF is co-located with Security Anchor Function (SEAF) that holds the root key for the visited network. Authentication Credential Repository and Processing Function (ARPF) is co-located with UDM and stores long-term security credentials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5G also introduces a new network architecture element: the Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP). The SEPP protects the home network edge, acting as the security gateway on interconnections between the home network and visited networks. Its main functionality includes:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Application layer security and protection against eavesdropping and replay attacks<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>End-to-end authentication, integrity and confidentiality protection via signatures and encryption of all HTTP\/2 roaming messages<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Key management mechanisms for setting the required cryptographic keys and performing the security capability negotiation procedures<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Message filtering and policing, topology hiding and validation of JSON objects, including cross-layer information checking with address information on the IP layer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Enhanced security of the international roaming services to overcome the existing security risks linked to SS7 and Diameter usage.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#12668d\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\" style=\"opacity:0.84;background-color:var(--nv-site-bg)\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g5932f2ce1374\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"text-align:left;color:#0f3051\">5GC<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center ticss-a75ca894 is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5GC introduces a new set of protocols and processes to secure the core functions. These include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>HTTP\/2 communication between cloud native functions (CNF) in the core<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>TLS providing encrypted communication between all CNF<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>HTTP\/2 over N32, replacing Diameter over the S6a reference point<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>More secure cipher suites<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/tech-graphic_4G-technology-compared-5G-SA_2-1.png\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignwide alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g359071e59e0b\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"text-align:left;color:#0f3051\">Network Domains<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Telecom networks are often divided into four distinctive parts: Access and core network, transport and interconnect network that connects different core networks with each other.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is clear that 5G has increased security in many ways compared to previous telecom generations. New features such as network slicing and 5GC bring new ways of having a safe network, but they also carry potential dangers. Kubernetes and container security require new thinking in security management, for example, secure container lifecycle management is a must.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#12668d\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\" style=\"opacity:0.82;background-color:var(--nv-site-bg)\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g5ee71f9205e0\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"text-align:left;color:#0f3051\">CSPs<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CSPs are definitely facing a huge challenge with all the security technologies and threats. It is one thing to secure the network properly, but at the same time, the CSP&#8217;s existence and success depends on how well subscribers are served. Understanding subscriber behaviour is even more important than before.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This creates a bit of a dilemma for the CSPs. How to run a secure network and still have visibility in the subscribers?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Network visibility stays as a cornerstone to understanding what happens in the network. Despite the multi-layer security measures, the data flow and messages need to be decrypted before any actions can be done. The point of decryption allows having legitimate extraction of data, for example, from 5GC or User Plane data after it has run through Security GW.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The increasing number of attacks, regulators\u2019 tightened requirements and a massive increase in data volumes demand the CSPs to plan the data extraction points more carefully and, in many cases, even add encapsulated encryption with anonymisation. With careful planning and the right solution, monitoring the data and getting insights into subscribers\u2019 behaviour is still possible.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull getwid-margin-top-normal getwid-margin-bottom-normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#c47e39\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"gc82c7edb3fba\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color has-nv-site-bg-color\" style=\"text-align:center\">5G SA <\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"gb293242c66f5\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\" style=\"text-align:left\">5G SA Network Visibility Challenges and Current Alternatives<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to the <strong>GSMA report \u20182022 The Mobile Economy\u2019<\/strong>, there were <strong>8.3 billion SIM connections<\/strong> (excluding licensed IoT) in 2021, expected to reach <strong>8.8 billion connections by 2025<\/strong>. While 5G made up only <strong>8% of those connections in 2022<\/strong>, it is forecasted to jump to <strong>25% by 2025<\/strong>. Initially, Communications Service Providers (CSPs) rolled out <strong>5G non-standalone (NSA)<\/strong>, which relies on existing 4G infrastructure. However, <strong>5G standalone (SA)<\/strong> is gaining traction, with <strong>22 commercial deployments by the end of 2021<\/strong> and an estimated <strong>66 live 5G SA networks by 2023<\/strong>, according to <strong>STL Partners<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/5G-SA-Ebook-Social-Media.jpg\" alt=\"Cover image of the Ebook 5G SA Network Visibility Challenges and Current Alternatives from Cubro Network Visibility\" class=\"wp-image-30413\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/5G-SA-Ebook-Social-Media.jpg 700w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/5G-SA-Ebook-Social-Media-480x274.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/5G-SA-Ebook-Social-Media-240x137.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:40px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-fe48e5de wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-primary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/CUB-5GSA-NetworkVisibility-EBook.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Download Ebook<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#12668d\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\" style=\"opacity:0.82;background-color:var(--nv-site-bg)\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g6ba65024a734\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\">What is 5G SA?<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5G SA represents the <strong>next generation of mobile networks<\/strong> that promises to unlock the full potential of <strong>enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)<\/strong>, <strong>ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC)<\/strong>, and massive IoT use cases. Unlike 5G NSA, which uses a hybrid of 4G and 5G, 5G SA introduces an entirely new core architecture defined by <strong>3GPP<\/strong>. This architecture is based on <strong>Service-Based Architecture (SBA)<\/strong> and adopts a <strong>cloud-native software approach<\/strong>, enabling dynamic, scalable, and flexible deployments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The key advantage of 5G SA is its ability to offer <strong>greater network efficiency<\/strong> and <strong>improved user experiences<\/strong> by harnessing these features. However, this evolution brings unique challenges, especially in terms of <strong>network visibility<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"gfbb63445e9bd\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\">5G SA Network Visibility Challenges<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In previous generations, such as <strong>4G and 5G NSA<\/strong>, monitoring network traffic at the <strong>packet level<\/strong> was relatively straightforward. CSPs could capture and correlate <strong>control-plane and user-plane traffic<\/strong>, including subscriber identity (often hashed for privacy), to generate valuable insights for <strong>Customer Experience Management (CEM)<\/strong> systems. These insights helped CSPs understand <strong>hotspots<\/strong>, <strong>service usage<\/strong>, <strong>bandwidth consumption<\/strong>, and <strong>user behaviour<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, due to its complex and <strong>distributed cloud-native architecture, 5G SA introduces significant visibility challenges<\/strong>. While <strong>open-source tools<\/strong> like <strong>Prometheus<\/strong> (for metrics), <strong>Grafana<\/strong> (for logs), and <strong>Jaeger<\/strong> (for tracing) can provide some insights, they fall short in offering <strong>subscriber-level visibility<\/strong>\u2014such as <strong>which services<\/strong> a subscriber is using at a particular <strong>time<\/strong> or <strong>location<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#12668d\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\" style=\"opacity:0.82;background-color:var(--nv-site-bg)\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g2d913656615f\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\">Monitoring Solutions<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In <strong>5G NSA<\/strong>, CSPs could physically tap a link to extract packets for analysis. However, <strong>5G SA complicates data extraction<\/strong>, as <strong>Core Network Functions (CNFs)<\/strong> communicate using <strong>encrypted HTTP2 messages<\/strong>. Additionally, <strong>3GPP<\/strong> has not standardized a method for mirroring CNF messages in the same way it did for <strong>4G networks<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>Network Data Analytics Function (NWDAF)<\/strong> was introduced to address this challenge. NWDAF is designed to streamline <strong>core network data analytics<\/strong>, generating actionable insights and enhancing the <strong>end-user experience<\/strong>. However, its implementation is <strong>optional<\/strong>, and not every CSP will deploy it in their 5G SA network.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>NWDAF<\/strong> faces several challenges:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Data availability and granularity<\/strong> for subscriber monitoring may be insufficient.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It may <strong>impact network performance<\/strong>, as CNFs must continuously report to NWDAF.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Integration complexities<\/strong> and <strong>alignment with 3GPP standards<\/strong> pose additional obstacles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite these challenges, NWDAF could offer solutions for <strong>network analytics<\/strong>, but its effectiveness in providing <strong>subscriber behaviour data<\/strong> remains uncertain.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g17c1e5f76b7a\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\">Alternatives for 5G SA Visibility<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some CSPs are exploring alternatives like <strong>Service Communication Proxy (SCP)<\/strong> to overcome visibility challenges. SCP acts as an intermediary between CNFs, often deployed as part of a <strong>service mesh<\/strong> (e.g., <strong>Envoy<\/strong>), providing the ability to <strong>mirror traffic<\/strong>. However, this approach introduces <strong>additional latency<\/strong> and <strong>resource demands<\/strong>, making it less than ideal for real-time monitoring.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Other network vendors propose <strong>copying the message<\/strong> at the CNF level before encryption. This data is then streamed to a <strong>data extractor<\/strong>, which forwards it for analysis. These implementations vary significantly across vendors, with some using <strong>TCP<\/strong>, <strong>GRE<\/strong>, or even <strong>HTTP2<\/strong> and <strong>JSON<\/strong>-based payloads for transport.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A more <strong>cloud-native<\/strong> solution involves using <strong>mirrored messages in decrypted form<\/strong> from CNFs, sometimes employing <strong>eBPF<\/strong> technology to capture data before encryption. However, these methods also raise concerns regarding <strong>data security<\/strong> outside the 5G SBA.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#12668d;background-image:url('https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ebook-5G_image-3-web.png')\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-image-wrapper\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ebook-5G_image-3-web.png\" alt=\"\"\/><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\" style=\"opacity:0.75;background-color:var(--nv-site-bg)\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g3ac689851916\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\">5G SA Conclusion<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The shift to <strong>5G SA<\/strong> represents a significant technological leap, bringing enhanced security features and a cloud-native architecture. However, monitoring subscriber behaviour and ensuring optimal <strong>service performance<\/strong> remain critical challenges. While <strong>NWDAF<\/strong> and <strong>proxy-based solutions<\/strong> offer some answers, the <strong>lack of standardized solutions<\/strong> for extracting <strong>decrypted messages<\/strong> hinders widespread adoption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As <strong>5G SA<\/strong> gains more traction, the demand for more <strong>streamlined, standardized approaches<\/strong> to data extraction will grow. CSPs and vendors hope for a solution that offers the necessary granularity for monitoring subscriber behaviour without compromising <strong>security compliance<\/strong> with <strong>GDPR<\/strong> and other regulations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For now, CSPs must navigate a complex landscape of <strong>multi-vendor CNFs<\/strong>, <strong>diverse data extraction methods<\/strong>, and the challenges of <strong>encrypted communication<\/strong> in a 5G SA environment.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull getwid-margin-top-normal getwid-margin-bottom-normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#c47e39\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"gba3d621205bf\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color has-nv-site-bg-color\" style=\"text-align:center\">5G FAQ<\/h2><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large getwid-padding-bottom-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion accordion-blue\" data-active-element=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-wrapper\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-title\"><strong><strong>&nbsp;Is 5G faster than 4G?<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-active\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-down\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-passive\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Yes, significantly. <\/strong>5G New Radio (5G NR) offers speeds 10 to 100 times faster than 4G, with much lower latency. In practice, real-world speeds vary depending on network coverage, spectrum used and whether the operator has deployed 5G Standalone or Non-Standalone architecture.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-wrapper\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-title\"><strong><strong>What is the difference between 5G NSA and 5G SA?<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-active\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-down\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-passive\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5G Non-Standalone (NSA) uses the existing 4G core network with 5G radio<\/strong>, making it easier to deploy as a migration step. <strong>5G Standalone (SA) uses a fully new cloud-native 5G core<\/strong>, enabling lower latency, network slicing and more advanced services. Most operators have started with NSA and are gradually moving toward SA.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-wrapper\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-title\"><strong><strong>Why are telecom operators struggling to make money from 5G?<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-active\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-down\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-passive\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The core challenge is that faster connectivity has not automatically created new revenue streams. Most consumers use 5G the same way they used 4G &#8211; for browsing, video and messaging. The enterprise use cases that were expected to generate new business models, such as private 5G networks and network slicing, are still in early stages of adoption.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-wrapper\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-title\"><strong><strong>What is NWDAF and why does it matter?<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-active\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-down\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-passive\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">NWDAF (Network Data Analytics Function) is a component of the 5G Standalone core defined by 3GPP. It is designed to collect, analyse and share data across network functions. In practice, NWDAF has limitations for subscriber-level analytics, which has led network vendors to develop their own data extraction methods &#8211; adding complexity, especially in multi-vendor environments.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-wrapper\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-title\"><strong><strong>How does 5G affect network monitoring and visibility?<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-active\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-down\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-passive\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5G Standalone changes how traffic data is structured and extracted. Unlike earlier generations where interface-level data was readily available, 5G SA uses message-based data extraction, which requires more sophisticated tools to capture and analyse traffic accurately. This makes network visibility more important, and more technically demanding, than in previous generations.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-wrapper\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-title\"><strong><strong>What role does AI play in 5G networks?<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-active\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-down\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-passive\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">CSPs are increasingly using AI to automate network optimisation, predict traffic patterns and manage network quality. This is particularly relevant in 5G SA deployments, where network complexity makes manual optimisation impractical. The effectiveness of AI-driven operations depends heavily on access to accurate, real-time network data.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull ticss-463d19d6 alignfull\" style=\"margin-top:60px;margin-bottom:30px\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:4px;padding-bottom:0px\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background has-nv-dark-bg-background-color\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-default ticss-b2896e02\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/CNV-Logo_just-symbol_divider.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"30\" height=\"48\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"newsletter-headline\">Newsletter - Stay up to date with Cubro Bytes<\/p><div class=\"zweispaltig\"><div class=\"spalte\" style=\"margin-top:30px;padding-left:30px;padding-right:30px;\">\r\n\t\t\t<div style=\"padding-bottom:15px; text-align:center;\">\r\n\t\t\t  <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/icon_newsletter.png\" \r\n\t\t\t       width=\"200\" \r\n\t\t\t       style=\"padding-bottom:10px;\">\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<p style=\"font-size:20px;\">Our newsletter provides thought leadership content about the industry. It is concise and has interesting content to keep you updated with what\u2019s new at Cubro and in the industry. You can unsubscribe anytime with a single click.<\/p>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"spalte\"><!-- Begin Brevo Form -->\r\n<!-- START - We recommend to place the below code in head tag of your website html  -->\r\n<style>\r\n  @font-face {\r\n    font-display: block;\r\n    font-family: Roboto;\r\n    src: url(https:\/\/assets.brevo.com\/font\/Roboto\/Latin\/normal\/normal\/7529907e9eaf8ebb5220c5f9850e3811.woff2) format(\"woff2\"), url(https:\/\/assets.brevo.com\/font\/Roboto\/Latin\/normal\/normal\/25c678feafdc175a70922a116c9be3e7.woff) format(\"woff\")\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  @font-face {\r\n    font-display: fallback;\r\n    font-family: Roboto;\r\n    font-weight: 600;\r\n    src: url(https:\/\/assets.brevo.com\/font\/Roboto\/Latin\/medium\/normal\/6e9caeeafb1f3491be3e32744bc30440.woff2) format(\"woff2\"), url(https:\/\/assets.brevo.com\/font\/Roboto\/Latin\/medium\/normal\/71501f0d8d5aa95960f6475d5487d4c2.woff) format(\"woff\")\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  @font-face {\r\n    font-display: fallback;\r\n    font-family: Roboto;\r\n    font-weight: 700;\r\n    src: url(https:\/\/assets.brevo.com\/font\/Roboto\/Latin\/bold\/normal\/3ef7cf158f310cf752d5ad08cd0e7e60.woff2) format(\"woff2\"), url(https:\/\/assets.brevo.com\/font\/Roboto\/Latin\/bold\/normal\/ece3a1d82f18b60bcce0211725c476aa.woff) format(\"woff\")\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  #sib-container input:-ms-input-placeholder {\r\n    text-align: left;\r\n    font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;\r\n    color: #c0ccda;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  #sib-container input::placeholder {\r\n    text-align: left;\r\n    font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;\r\n    color: #c0ccda;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  #sib-container textarea::placeholder {\r\n    text-align: left;\r\n    font-family: Helvetica, sans-serif;\r\n    color: #c0ccda;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  #sib-container a {\r\n    text-decoration: underline;\r\n    color: #2BB2FC;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  label.entry__label {\r\n  \tmargin-bottom:1px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .sib-form {\r\n  \tpadding-left:0!important;\r\n  \tpadding-right:0!important;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  #sib-container {\r\n  \tpadding:0!important;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .recaptcha-text {\r\n  \tfont-size:12px!important;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .recaptcha-text a {\r\n    color: #d8522c!important;\r\n    text-decoration: underline;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  button {\r\n    font-size:16px;\r\n    text-align:left;\r\n    font-weight:700;\r\n    font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif;\r\n    color:#FFFFFF;\r\n    background-color:#84a6ad;\r\n    border-radius:3px;\r\n    border-width:8px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  button:hover {\r\n    color:#FFFFFF;\r\n    background-color:#333333;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* --- Brevo Formular: 2-spaltiges Layout f\u00fcr die ersten 4 Felder --- *\/\r\n\r\n  \/* Grid auf die direkten Kinder des <form> anwenden (die Wrapper mit padding) *\/\r\n  #sib-container #sib-form {\r\n    display: grid;\r\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\r\n    column-gap: 16px;\r\n    row-gap: 0; \/* da die Wrapper schon padding haben *\/\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* Alle Wrapper-Blocks standardm\u00e4\u00dfig: eine Spalte *\/\r\n  #sib-container #sib-form > div {\r\n    grid-column: span 1;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* 5. Block = Email (vollbreit) *\/\r\n  #sib-container #sib-form > div:nth-of-type(5) {\r\n    grid-column: 1 \/ -1;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* 6. Block = Button (vollbreit) *\/\r\n  #sib-container #sib-form > div:nth-of-type(6) {\r\n    grid-column: 1 \/ -1;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* Hidden Inputs am Ende: vollbreit und ohne Layout-Effekt *\/\r\n  #sib-container #sib-form > input {\r\n    grid-column: 1 \/ -1;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* Mobile: alles untereinander *\/\r\n  @media (max-width: 640px) {\r\n    #sib-container #sib-form {\r\n      grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n    }\r\n    #sib-container #sib-form > div,\r\n    #sib-container #sib-form > div:nth-of-type(5),\r\n    #sib-container #sib-form > div:nth-of-type(6) {\r\n      grid-column: 1 \/ -1;\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/style>\r\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/sibforms.com\/forms\/end-form\/build\/sib-styles.css\">\r\n<!--  END - We recommend to place the above code in head tag of your website html -->\r\n\r\n<!-- START - We recommend to place the below code where you want the form in your website html  -->\r\n<div class=\"sib-form\" style=\"text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff;\">\r\n  <div id=\"sib-form-container\" class=\"sib-form-container\">\r\n    <div id=\"error-message\" class=\"sib-form-message-panel\" style=\"font-size:16px; text-align:left; font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#661d1d; background-color:#ffeded; border-radius:3px; border-color:#ff4949;max-width:540px;\">\r\n      <div class=\"sib-form-message-panel__text sib-form-message-panel__text--center\">\r\n        <svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" class=\"sib-icon sib-notification__icon\">\r\n          <path d=\"M256 40c118.621 0 216 96.075 216 216 0 119.291-96.61 216-216 216-119.244 0-216-96.562-216-216 0-119.203 96.602-216 216-216m0-32C119.043 8 8 119.083 8 256c0 136.997 111.043 248 248 248s248-111.003 248-248C504 119.083 392.957 8 256 8zm-11.49 120h22.979c6.823 0 12.274 5.682 11.99 12.5l-7 168c-.268 6.428-5.556 11.5-11.99 11.5h-8.979c-6.433 0-11.722-5.073-11.99-11.5l-7-168c-.283-6.818 5.167-12.5 11.99-12.5zM256 340c-15.464 0-28 12.536-28 28s12.536 28 28 28 28-12.536 28-28-12.536-28-28-28z\" \/>\r\n        <\/svg>\r\n        <span class=\"sib-form-message-panel__inner-text\">\r\n                          Deine Anmeldung konnte nicht gespeichert werden. Bitte versuche es erneut.\r\n                      <\/span>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div><\/div>\r\n    <div id=\"success-message\" class=\"sib-form-message-panel\" style=\"font-size:16px; text-align:left; font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#085229; background-color:#e7faf0; border-radius:3px; border-color:#13ce66;max-width:540px;\">\r\n      <div class=\"sib-form-message-panel__text sib-form-message-panel__text--center\">\r\n        <svg viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" class=\"sib-icon sib-notification__icon\">\r\n          <path d=\"M256 8C119.033 8 8 119.033 8 256s111.033 248 248 248 248-111.033 248-248S392.967 8 256 8zm0 464c-118.664 0-216-96.055-216-216 0-118.663 96.055-216 216-216 118.664 0 216 96.055 216 216 0 118.663-96.055 216-216 216zm141.63-274.961L217.15 376.071c-4.705 4.667-12.303 4.637-16.97-.068l-85.878-86.572c-4.667-4.705-4.637-12.303.068-16.97l8.52-8.451c4.705-4.667 12.303-4.637 16.97.068l68.976 69.533 163.441-162.13c4.705-4.667 12.303-4.637 16.97.068l8.451 8.52c4.668 4.705 4.637 12.303-.068 16.97z\" \/>\r\n        <\/svg>\r\n        <span class=\"sib-form-message-panel__inner-text\">\r\n                          Deine Anmeldung war erfolgreich.\r\n                      <\/span>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <div><\/div>\r\n    <div id=\"sib-container\" class=\"sib-container--large sib-container--vertical\" style=\"text-align:center; background-color:rgba(255,255,255,1); max-width:800px; direction:ltr\">\r\n      <form id=\"sib-form\" method=\"POST\" action=\"https:\/\/24bf8055.sibforms.com\/serve\/MUIFAJW5hHXD-knlsGlqSNUcW_X6H-wyIG1XBfBHC1n-r5oWiLIKRNXRDNGHx0jhUUIpnWTh-6f1BKAE6jFyyE4DZupZc0qg-pyk2DusTzZA-sd2kmqr439RPzb-vYZRTRcXHsAxYa16e-8CaDLXh2IKxteM8S8ICusLl-WDN0JwkdZsIhe032CYNNlX8zi1nT5UbXdwGO0854j7\" data-type=\"subscription\">\r\n        <div style=\"padding: 8px 0;\">\r\n          <div class=\"sib-input sib-form-block\">\r\n            <div class=\"form__entry entry_block\">\r\n              <div class=\"form__label-row \">\r\n                <label class=\"entry__label\" style=\"font-weight: 500; text-align:left; font-size:16px; text-align:left; font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#3c4858;\" for=\"FIRSTNAME\" data-required=\"*\">First Name<\/label>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"entry__field\">\r\n                  <input class=\"input \" maxlength=\"200\" type=\"text\" id=\"FIRSTNAME\" name=\"FIRSTNAME\" autocomplete=\"off\" data-required=\"true\" required \/>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n\r\n              <label class=\"entry__error entry__error--primary\" style=\"font-size:16px; text-align:left; font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#661d1d; background-color:#ffeded; border-radius:3px; border-color:#ff4949;\">\r\n              <\/label>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div style=\"padding: 8px 0;\">\r\n          <div class=\"sib-input sib-form-block\">\r\n            <div class=\"form__entry entry_block\">\r\n              <div class=\"form__label-row \">\r\n                <label class=\"entry__label\" style=\"font-weight: 500; text-align:left; font-size:16px; text-align:left; font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#3c4858;\" for=\"LASTNAME\" data-required=\"*\">Last Name<\/label>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"entry__field\">\r\n                  <input class=\"input \" maxlength=\"200\" type=\"text\" id=\"LASTNAME\" name=\"LASTNAME\" autocomplete=\"off\" data-required=\"true\" required \/>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n\r\n              <label class=\"entry__error entry__error--primary\" style=\"font-size:16px; text-align:left; font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#661d1d; background-color:#ffeded; border-radius:3px; border-color:#ff4949;\">\r\n              <\/label>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div style=\"padding: 8px 0;\">\r\n          <div class=\"sib-input sib-form-block\">\r\n            <div class=\"form__entry entry_block\">\r\n              <div class=\"form__label-row \">\r\n                <label class=\"entry__label\" style=\"font-weight: 500; text-align:left; font-size:16px; text-align:left; font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#3c4858;\" for=\"COMPANY\">Company<\/label>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"entry__field\">\r\n                  <input class=\"input \" maxlength=\"200\" type=\"text\" id=\"COMPANY\" name=\"COMPANY\" autocomplete=\"off\" \/>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n\r\n              <label class=\"entry__error entry__error--primary\" style=\"font-size:16px; text-align:left; font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#661d1d; background-color:#ffeded; border-radius:3px; border-color:#ff4949;\">\r\n              <\/label>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div style=\"padding: 8px 0;\">\r\n          <div class=\"sib-input sib-form-block\">\r\n            <div class=\"form__entry entry_block\">\r\n              <div class=\"form__label-row \">\r\n                <label class=\"entry__label\" style=\"font-weight: 500; text-align:left; font-size:16px; text-align:left; font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#3c4858;\" for=\"COUNTRY\">Country<\/label>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"entry__field\">\r\n                  <input class=\"input \" maxlength=\"200\" type=\"text\" id=\"COUNTRY\" name=\"COUNTRY\" autocomplete=\"off\" \/>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n\r\n              <label class=\"entry__error entry__error--primary\" style=\"font-size:16px; text-align:left; font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#661d1d; background-color:#ffeded; border-radius:3px; border-color:#ff4949;\">\r\n              <\/label>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div style=\"padding: 8px 0;\">\r\n          <div class=\"sib-input sib-form-block\">\r\n            <div class=\"form__entry entry_block\">\r\n              <div class=\"form__label-row \">\r\n                <label class=\"entry__label\" style=\"font-weight: 500; text-align:left; font-size:16px; text-align:left; font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#3c4858;\" for=\"EMAIL\" data-required=\"*\">Email<\/label>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"entry__field\">\r\n                  <input class=\"input \" type=\"text\" id=\"EMAIL\" name=\"EMAIL\" autocomplete=\"off\" data-required=\"true\" required \/>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n\r\n              <label class=\"entry__error entry__error--primary\" style=\"font-size:16px; text-align:left; font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#661d1d; background-color:#ffeded; border-radius:3px; border-color:#ff4949;\">\r\n              <\/label>\r\n\t\t\t\t<p class=\"recaptcha-text\">This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google <a href=\"https:\/\/policies.google.com\/privacy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Privacy Policy<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/policies.google.com\/terms\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Terms of Service<\/a> apply.\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div style=\"padding: 8px 0;\">\r\n          <div class=\"sib-form-block\" style=\"text-align: left\">\r\n            <button class=\"sib-form-block__button sib-form-block__button-with-loader\" form=\"sib-form\" type=\"submit\">\r\n              <svg class=\"icon clickable__icon progress-indicator__icon sib-hide-loader-icon\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" style=\"\">\r\n                <path d=\"M460.116 373.846l-20.823-12.022c-5.541-3.199-7.54-10.159-4.663-15.874 30.137-59.886 28.343-131.652-5.386-189.946-33.641-58.394-94.896-95.833-161.827-99.676C261.028 55.961 256 50.751 256 44.352V20.309c0-6.904 5.808-12.337 12.703-11.982 83.556 4.306 160.163 50.864 202.11 123.677 42.063 72.696 44.079 162.316 6.031 236.832-3.14 6.148-10.75 8.461-16.728 5.01z\" \/>\r\n              <\/svg>\r\n              Subscribe here\r\n            <\/button>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <input type=\"text\" name=\"email_address_check\" value=\"\" class=\"input--hidden\">\r\n        <input type=\"hidden\" name=\"locale\" value=\"de\">\r\n      <\/form>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<!-- END - We recommend to place the above code where you want the form in your website html  -->\r\n\r\n<!-- START - We recommend to place the below code in footer or bottom of your website html  -->\r\n<script>\r\n  window.REQUIRED_CODE_ERROR_MESSAGE = 'Please select a country code.';\r\n  window.LOCALE = 'de';\r\n  window.EMAIL_INVALID_MESSAGE = window.SMS_INVALID_MESSAGE = \"The information you entered is invalid. Please check the field format and try again.\";\r\n\r\n  window.REQUIRED_ERROR_MESSAGE = \"This field must not be empty. \";\r\n\r\n  window.GENERIC_INVALID_MESSAGE = \"This field cannot be empty. The information you entered is invalid. Please check the field format and try again.\";\r\n\r\n  window.translation = {\r\n    common: {\r\n      selectedList: '{quantity} Liste ausgew\u00e4hlt',\r\n      selectedLists: '{quantity} Listen ausgew\u00e4hlt',\r\n      selectedOption: '{quantity} ausgew\u00e4hlt',\r\n      selectedOptions: '{quantity} ausgew\u00e4hlt',\r\n    }\r\n  };\r\n\r\n  var AUTOHIDE = Boolean(0);\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<script defer src=\"https:\/\/sibforms.com\/forms\/end-form\/build\/main.js\"><\/script>\r\n\r\n<!-- END - We recommend to place the above code in footer or bottom of your website html  -->\r\n<!-- End Brevo Form --><p style=\"font-size:12px;padding-left:16px;\">Your e-mail address is only used to send you our newsletter and information about the activities of Cubro Network Visibility. You can always use the unsubscribe link included in the newsletter.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"parent":27517,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_searchwp_excluded":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","neve_meta_reading_time":"","_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-30362","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"neve-blog":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Gianni","author_link":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/blog\/author\/gianni\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/30362","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30362"}],"version-history":[{"count":50,"href":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/30362\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30534,"href":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/30362\/revisions\/30534"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27517"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30362"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}