{"id":27243,"date":"2025-03-12T13:25:51","date_gmt":"2025-03-12T12:25:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/?page_id=27243"},"modified":"2026-09-01T13:24:53","modified_gmt":"2026-09-01T11:24:53","slug":"what-is-a-network-packet-broker","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/why-cubro\/what-is-a-network-packet-broker\/","title":{"rendered":"What is a Network Packet Broker"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section alignfull getwid-section-content-full-width\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:30px\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#12668c7d\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:12%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading has-custom-font-size\" id=\"g85f04e903854\" style=\"font-size:54px\"><h1 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color has-nv-text-dark-bg-color\" style=\"text-align:left;font-weight:300;line-height:65px\">What is a Network Packet Broker?<br><\/h1><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:3%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading has-custom-font-size has-custom-css wp-custom-css-2d9a581d\" style=\"font-size:22px;margin-bottom:30px;margin-top:0px\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color has-nv-site-bg-color\" style=\"text-align:center;padding-top:6px;padding-bottom:6px\"><strong>Live Demo:<\/strong>&nbsp;Click features to see traffic flow.<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"#gd29c373fd88a\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1152\" height=\"648\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenrecording-InteractiveNPBDemo-small.gif\" alt=\"Screenrecording of an Interactive Network Packet Broker Demo from Cubro network Visibility\" class=\"wp-image-30678\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.9149606299212598;width:608px;height:auto\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:12%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\"><nav aria-label=\"breadcrumbs\" class=\"rank-math-breadcrumb\"><p><span class=\"last\">Home<\/span><\/p><\/nav>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull alignwide\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\" style=\"background-color:var(--nv-site-bg)\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading has-custom-font-size\" style=\"font-size:30px\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"text-align:center;color:#12668d\">Content Guide<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-container ticss-9a863615 uagb-layout-flex uagb-block-2e798cda default uagb-is-root-container\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-table-of-contents alignwide is-style-default\"><ul class=\"wp-block-getwid-table-of-contents__list\"><li><a href=\"#gde553645c352\">Understanding Network Packet Brokers<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#ga0bc878dc8e5\">What Is the Difference Between a Network Packet Broker and a Network TAP?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#gd29c373fd88a\">Network Packet Brokers Key Features<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#gf82b1d865734\">What are the key deployment modes for an NPB?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#gbf2290922dac\">How to solve Network Challenges with a Network Packet Broker?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#gbd1650600584\">Next Generation Network Packet Broker <\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#gd8fbd796c84e\">FAQs<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#g4cfaf9758e1e\">Our Network Packet Broker Portfolio<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1023\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Infographic_evolution-npb_2025.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-27487\" style=\"width:432px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Infographic_evolution-npb_2025.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Infographic_evolution-npb_2025-375x480.jpg 375w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Infographic_evolution-npb_2025-188x240.jpg 188w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/Infographic_evolution-npb_2025-768x982.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"gde553645c352\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"text-align:center;color:#12668d\">Understanding Network Packet Brokers<\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1103\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/tech-graphic_data-intensive-application_v1a_small-1280x1103.png\" alt=\"Network Visibility Application\" class=\"wp-image-10243\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/tech-graphic_data-intensive-application_v1a_small-1280x1103.png 1280w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/tech-graphic_data-intensive-application_v1a_small-480x414.png 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/tech-graphic_data-intensive-application_v1a_small-240x207.png 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/tech-graphic_data-intensive-application_v1a_small-768x662.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/tech-graphic_data-intensive-application_v1a_small.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Network Packet Broker (NPB) is a specialised device designed to optimise network traffic management by directing data packets to the appropriate network monitoring, security, and analytics tools. Unlike a traditional network switch, an NPB does not alter traffic unless specifically configured to do so. These devices come in various sizes, from compact portable units to larger rack-mounted systems and high-capacity chassis-based solutions, making them essential for data center optimisation and network performance monitoring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An NPB efficiently handles network traffic by utilising flexible port mapping, commonly referred to as &#8220;any to any,&#8221; &#8220;many to any,&#8221; or &#8220;any to many&#8221; configurations. It can receive data from multiple interfaces, apply traffic filtering, network troubleshooting, or security analytics rules, and forward traffic to selected output ports. The physical interfaces of an NPB include copper and fiber-optic connections, supporting SFP, SFP+, and QSFP modules to accommodate diverse media types and bandwidth speeds.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"ga0bc878dc8e5\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"text-align:center;color:#12668d\">What Is the Difference Between a Network Packet Broker and a Network TAP?<\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Understanding the difference between a <strong>Network Packet Broker (NPB)<\/strong> and a <strong>Network TAP (Test Access Point)<\/strong> is essential for optimizing your network visibility strategy. Both devices play a crucial role in monitoring and managing network traffic, but they serve distinct purposes.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-medium\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#12668c\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\" style=\"opacity:0.82;background-color:var(--nv-site-bg)\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g71c68d707fb7\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"color:#12668c\">What Is a Network TAP?<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>Network TAP<\/strong> is a hardware device that passively copies network traffic. It is placed inline between two network devices, forwarding live traffic while creating an identical mirror copy for analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g69392c43b29c\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"color:#12668c\"><strong>Key Features of Network TAPs:<\/strong><\/h4><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Complete Traffic Capture:<\/strong> TAPs provide a 100% copy of all network packets, including corrupt or malformed packets, giving a true representation of network activity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Non-Intrusive Monitoring:<\/strong> TAPs do not affect live network traffic flow, ensuring zero interference.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>High Reliability:<\/strong> Since TAPs are simple devices with no complex processing, they offer a reliable way to access raw traffic.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g11bcb0d8cffa\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"color:#12668c\">Network TAP <strong>Use Cases:<\/strong><\/h4><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Network Troubleshooting:<\/strong> Capture all traffic for detailed diagnostics.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Security Monitoring:<\/strong> Feed full packet streams to Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) or Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) tools.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Compliance &amp; Forensics:<\/strong> Record traffic data for auditing and post-event analysis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section getwid-margin-top-medium getwid-margin-bottom-normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-medium\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#12668c\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\" style=\"opacity:0.82;background-color:var(--nv-site-bg)\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"gd2a1f4735f2e\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"color:#12668c\">What Is a Network Packet Broker?<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>Network Packet Broker (NPB)<\/strong> is an intelligent device that aggregates, filters, and optimizes traffic before sending it to security and monitoring tools. NPBs help manage data flows, reduce unnecessary traffic, and ensure each tool receives only the relevant packets it needs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"gbb020e9d4a3d\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"color:#12668c\"><strong>Key Features of Network Packet Brokers:<\/strong><\/h4><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Traffic Aggregation:<\/strong> Combine traffic from multiple TAPs or SPAN ports.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Advanced Packet Filtering:<\/strong> Forward only specific traffic (like IP ranges, protocols, or ports) to each tool, reducing tool overload.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Packet Manipulation:<\/strong> Strip headers, deduplicate packets, mask sensitive data, or perform VLAN tagging.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Load Balancing:<\/strong> Distribute traffic across multiple tools to prevent bottlenecks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g80cb504f4fe0\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"color:#12668c\"><strong>Network Packet Broker<\/strong> <strong>Use Cases:<\/strong><\/h4><\/div>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Tool Optimization:<\/strong> Ensure monitoring tools handle only relevant traffic to improve performance and lifespan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Scalability &amp; Flexibility:<\/strong> Adapt to complex, high-speed networks by dynamically managing traffic flows.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Security Stack Efficiency:<\/strong> Deliver precise data streams to each security tool for faster threat detection and response.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g704ea6252b48\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"text-align:center;padding-top:10px;color:#12668c\">Network TAP vs. Network Packet Broker \u2014 Which One Do You Need?<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In many cases, <strong>Network TAPs and Network Packet Brokers work best together<\/strong>. TAPs provide full, unaltered copies of network traffic, while NPBs intelligently process that traffic to ensure your tools receive what they need \u2014 no more, no less. This combination maximizes visibility, boosts tool efficiency, and simplifies network monitoring.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"gd29c373fd88a\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"text-align:center;color:#12668d\">Network Packet Brokers Key Features<\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The functionality of an NPB can vary depending on the manufacturer and model, but most operate at OSI Layers 2-4 and offer essential network visibility and traffic management features.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading has-custom-font-size\" id=\"g6f68f5419c9c\" style=\"font-size:30px\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"text-align:center;color:#12668d\">Interactive Network Packet Broker<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section getwid-margin-top-normal getwid-margin-bottom-large ticss-3a067159\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-medium getwid-padding-bottom-normal getwid-padding-left-medium getwid-padding-right-medium\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<!-- Cubro NPB explainer v3 \u2014 responsive (vertical layout on phones), single paste, self-sizing. -->\n<iframe title=\"How a Network Packet Broker works\" loading=\"lazy\" scrolling=\"no\"\n        style=\"display:block;width:100%;max-width:1240px;height:540px;margin:0 auto;border:0;overflow:hidden\"\n        srcdoc=\"&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;&lt;html&gt;&lt;head&gt;&lt;meta charset=&quot;utf-8&quot;&gt;&lt;meta name=&quot;viewport&quot; content=&quot;width=device-width,initial-scale=1&quot;&gt;&lt;link rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Open+Sans:wght@400;500;600;700&amp;family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@400;500&amp;display=swap&quot;&gt;&lt;style&gt;html,body{margin:0;padding:0;background:transparent;overflow:hidden}&lt;\/style&gt;&lt;\/head&gt;&lt;body&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;cubro-npb-explainer&quot;&gt;\n  &lt;style&gt;#cubro-npb-explainer, #cubro-npb-explainer *, #cubro-npb-explainer *::before, #cubro-npb-explainer *::after { box-sizing: border-box; } #cubro-npb-explainer { font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: #17323A; max-width: 1240px; margin: 0 auto; } #cubro-npb-explainer button { font-family: inherit; margin: 0; } #cubro-npb-explainer .npb-row { position: relative; display: flex; align-items: center; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 10px; padding: 6px 0; } #cubro-npb-explainer .npb-toast { min-width: 0; max-width: 100%; overflow-wrap: break-word; } #cubro-npb-explainer .npb-seg { display: flex; gap: 3px; background: #DFE9EB; border-radius: 999px; padding: 3px; } #cubro-npb-explainer .npb-seg button { border: 0; border-radius: 999px; padding: 0 14px; height: 26px; cursor: pointer; background: transparent; color: #52686F; font-weight: 600; font-size: 11.5px; letter-spacing: .07em; text-transform: uppercase; transition: background .16s, color .16s; } #cubro-npb-explainer .npb-seg button.on { background: #14606F; color: #FFF; } #cubro-npb-explainer .npb-pause { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 7px; flex: none; border: 1px solid #C3D6DB; border-radius: 999px; background: #E4EFF1; color: #14606F; height: 32px; padding: 0 13px; cursor: pointer; font-weight: 600; font-size: 11px; letter-spacing: .06em; text-transform: uppercase; } #cubro-npb-explainer .npb-chip { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 8px; flex: 1; height: 36px; padding: 0 11px; border: 1px solid #D2DEE1; background: #FFF; color: #52686F; font-weight: 600; font-size: 11.5px; letter-spacing: .05em; text-transform: uppercase; cursor: pointer; border-radius: 999px; transition: background .16s, border-color .16s, color .16s; } #cubro-npb-explainer .npb-chip .led { display: block; width: 8px; height: 8px; flex: none; border-radius: 50%; background: transparent; border: 1.5px solid #B4C3C8; } #cubro-npb-explainer .npb-chip span.lbl { flex: 1; text-align: left; } #cubro-npb-explainer .npb-mob .npb-chip { height: 44px; font-size: 11.5px; padding: 0 9px; flex: none; width: 100%; } #cubro-npb-explainer .npb-mono { font-family: 'IBM Plex Mono', ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Consolas, monospace; } #cubro-npb-explainer .npb-legend-item { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 6px; font-weight: 400; font-size: 11.5px; color: #52686F; cursor: help; } #cubro-npb-explainer .npb-sw { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; flex: none; width: 18px; height: 14px; border-radius: 3px; color: #FFF; font-weight: 500; font-size: 9px; font-family: 'IBM Plex Mono', ui-monospace, monospace; } #cubro-npb-explainer .npb-info { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; flex: none; width: 15px; height: 15px; border-radius: 50%; cursor: help; font: italic 400 10.5px Georgia, serif; color: #FFF; background: #93A4AA; transition: background .16s; } #cubro-npb-explainer .npb-panel { border: 1px solid #C7D6DA; border-radius: 12px; overflow: hidden; background: #FBFDFD; } #cubro-npb-explainer .npb-panel-hd { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: space-between; gap: 8px; padding: 0 13px; height: 34px; background: linear-gradient(90deg, #14606F 0%, #1F7F8F 100%); color: #FFF; font-weight: 600; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: .08em; text-transform: uppercase; } @keyframes npbToastA { 0% { opacity: 0 } 60% { opacity: 1 } 100% { opacity: 1 } } @keyframes npbToastB { 0% { opacity: 0 } 60% { opacity: 1 } 100% { opacity: 1 } } @keyframes npbToastOut { to { opacity: 0 } } @keyframes npbPanelFlash { 0% { box-shadow: 0 0 0 0 rgba(20,124,124,.5) } 70% { box-shadow: 0 0 0 13px rgba(20,124,124,0) } 100% { box-shadow: 0 0 0 0 rgba(20,124,124,0) } }&lt;\/style&gt;\n\n  &lt;div class=&quot;npb-mono&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9.5px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#52686F;padding:2px 0 0&quot;&gt;Stage description&lt;\/div&gt;\n\n  &lt;div class=&quot;npb-row&quot; data-npb=&quot;controls&quot;&gt;\n    &lt;div class=&quot;npb-seg&quot; data-npb=&quot;views&quot;&gt;\n      &lt;button type=&quot;button&quot; data-view=&quot;Simple&quot; class=&quot;on&quot;&gt;Simple&lt;\/button&gt;\n      &lt;button type=&quot;button&quot; data-view=&quot;Technical&quot;&gt;Technical&lt;\/button&gt;\n    &lt;\/div&gt;\n    &lt;button type=&quot;button&quot; class=&quot;npb-pause&quot; data-npb=&quot;pause&quot;&gt;\n      &lt;span data-npb=&quot;pauseIcon&quot; style=&quot;display:block;width:8px;height:8px;background:#14606F;border-radius:1px&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;\n      &lt;span data-npb=&quot;pauseLabel&quot;&gt;Pause&lt;\/span&gt;\n    &lt;\/button&gt;\n  &lt;\/div&gt;\n\n  &lt;div data-npb=&quot;toastSlot&quot; style=&quot;position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center&quot;&gt;\n    &lt;div data-npb=&quot;toastWrap&quot; style=&quot;display:contents&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\n  &lt;\/div&gt;\n\n  &lt;div data-npb=&quot;above&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\n\n  &lt;div data-npb=&quot;host&quot; style=&quot;position:relative;width:100%;overflow:hidden;height:468px&quot;&gt;\n    &lt;div data-npb=&quot;stage&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute;left:0;top:0;transform-origin:top left&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\n  &lt;\/div&gt;\n\n  &lt;div data-npb=&quot;below&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\n&lt;\/div&gt;\n&lt;script&gt;(function () { var root = document.getElementById('cubro-npb-explainer'); if (!root || root.dataset.npbInit) return; root.dataset.npbInit = '1'; var q = function (n, scope) { return (scope || root).querySelector('[data-npb=&quot;' + n + '&quot;]'); }; var ORDER = ['detunnel', 'dedup', 'filter', 'slice', 'aggregate', 'loadbalance']; var STAGES = { detunnel: { label: 'De-tunnel', color: '#C4232B', group: 'adv', transform: 'VXLAN \\u2192 inner packet', simple: 'Overlay wrappers are peeled off so tools see the real traffic inside.', tech: 'VXLAN \/ GRE \/ GTP outer headers stripped; inner MAC, IP and L4 exposed, VNI retained as metadata.' }, dedup: { label: 'Deduplicate', color: '#2CA9C7', group: 'adv', transform: 'copy \\u00d72 \\u2192 \\u00d71', simple: 'Duplicate copies are removed before they reach your tools.', tech: 'Sliding-window digest over L2\\u2013L4 plus payload hash drops repeats inside a 50 ms window.' }, filter: { label: 'Filter', color: '#F0A03C', group: 'core', transform: 'A \\u2192 IDS | E \\u2192 NPM', simple: 'Each rule sends the traffic a tool needs straight to that tool \\u2014 everything else is dropped.', tech: 'Action-based rules on VLAN \/ 5-tuple: match A \\u2192 egress IDS, match E \\u2192 egress NPM, implicit deny drops the rest at line rate.' }, slice: { label: 'Slice', color: '#0F5C63', group: 'adv', transform: '1518 B \\u2192 128 B', simple: 'Payloads are trimmed away \\u2014 tools keep only the headers they need.', tech: 'Truncation at a fixed offset; L2\\u2013L4 headers retained, payload cut, checksums recalculated.' }, aggregate: { label: 'Aggregate', color: '#71A67A', group: 'core', transform: '4 links \\u2192 1 stream', simple: 'Traffic from many links is combined into a single stream.', tech: 'N:1 many-to-one forwarding of all TAP\/SPAN inputs onto one egress port with per-input buffering.' }, loadbalance: { label: 'Load Balance', color: '#147C7C', group: 'core', transform: '1 stream \\u2192 4 IDS instances', simple: 'One large stream is spread evenly across several identical tools, and each conversation always lands on the same one.', tech: 'Session-aware 2-\/5-tuple hash pins every packet of a flow to one IDS instance: A\\u2192#1, B\\u2192#2, C\\u2192#3, D\\u2192#4. 1:N distribution, no flow ever split.' } }; var FLOWS = [ { letter: 'A', color: '#71A67A', name: 'VoIP', tip: 'Voice traffic on VLAN 20 \\u2014 latency-sensitive, kept by the example filter rule.' }, { letter: 'B', color: '#C4232B', name: 'Backup', tip: 'Bulk backup transfer \\u2014 high volume, low analytical value, dropped by the filter rule.' }, { letter: 'C', color: '#F0A03C', name: 'Web', tip: 'HTTP \/ HTTPS user traffic from the access switch.' }, { letter: 'D', color: '#0F5C63', name: 'Video', tip: 'Video streaming \\u2014 large payloads, the clearest candidate for slicing.' }, { letter: 'E', color: '#2CA9C7', name: 'Database', tip: 'Database sessions on TCP 443 \\u2014 kept by the example filter rule.' } ]; var TUNNEL_TIP = 'A VXLAN \/ GRE outer header wrapping the real packet \\u2014 the grey sleeve around a coloured packet. De-tunnel removes it.'; var INFO_TIP = 'Tap or hover any flow in this row to see what traffic it represents and how the stages treat it.'; var ROUTE = { A: 0, E: 1 }; var HASH = { A: 0, B: 1, C: 2, D: 3, E: 1 }; var SOURCES = [ ['Core link 1', '10G \\u00b7 east \/ west', 'TAP', 'Core 1'], ['Core link 2', '10G \\u00b7 east \/ west', 'TAP', 'Core 2'], ['Access switch', '1G \\u00b7 mirror port', 'SPAN', 'Access'], ['DC uplink', '25G \\u00b7 VXLAN', 'TAP', 'DC up'] ]; var TOOLS = [ ['IDS \/ IPS', 'threat detection', 'IDS \/ IPS'], ['NPM probe', 'flow + latency', 'NPM'], ['APM analyser', 'app traces', 'APM'], ['Packet recorder', 'full capture', 'Recorder'] ]; var IDS_SET = [ ['IDS #1', 'hash lane 1', 'IDS #1'], ['IDS #2', 'hash lane 2', 'IDS #2'], ['IDS #3', 'hash lane 3', 'IDS #3'], ['IDS #4', 'hash lane 4', 'IDS #4'] ]; var state = { view: 'Simple', paused: false, scale: 1, toast: null, seq: 0, tip: null, stages: { detunnel: false, dedup: false, filter: false, slice: false, aggregate: false, loadbalance: false } }; var packets = [], acc = 0, lastFlow = null; var ema = null, ratio = null, termO = null, termD = null; var stats = { i: 0, o: 0, d: 0, t: 0 }; var toastTimer = null, layout = null, toolMode = null, G = null; var host = q('host'), stage = q('stage'), below = q('below'), above = q('above'), toastSlot = q('toastSlot'); var canvas = document.createElement('canvas'); canvas.style.cssText = 'position:absolute;left:0;top:0;z-index:5;pointer-events:none'; var ctx = canvas.getContext('2d'); var MONO = &quot;'IBM Plex Mono', ui-monospace, Menlo, Consolas, monospace&quot;; var DESK = { id: 'desk', W: 1240, H: 468, lanes: [106, 156, 206, 256], center: 181, d0: 204, dIn: 336, g0: 362, g1: 878, dOut: 904, dEnd: 1036, speed: 92, drift: 180, project: function (d, c) { return { x: d, y: c }; } }; var MOB = { id: 'mob', W: 380, H: 436, lanes: [48, 142, 236, 330], center: 190, d0: 60, dIn: 122, g0: 142, g1: 316, dOut: 332, dEnd: 368, speed: 26, drift: 60, project: function (d, c) { return { x: c, y: d }; } }; function chipsHTML(group) { return ORDER.filter(function (k) { return STAGES[k].group === group; }).map(function (k) { return '&lt;button type=&quot;button&quot; class=&quot;npb-chip&quot; data-stage=&quot;' + k + '&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;led&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;' + '&lt;span class=&quot;lbl&quot;&gt;' + STAGES[k].label + '&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/button&gt;'; }).join(''); } function legendHTML(compact) { return '&lt;span class=&quot;npb-info&quot; data-tip=&quot;info&quot;&gt;i&lt;\/span&gt;' + FLOWS.map(function (f, i) { return '&lt;span class=&quot;npb-legend-item&quot; data-tip=&quot;' + i + '&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;npb-sw&quot; style=&quot;background:' + f.color + '&quot;&gt;' + f.letter + '&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;' + f.name + '&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;'; }).join('') + '&lt;span class=&quot;npb-legend-item&quot; data-tip=&quot;tunnel&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;npb-sw&quot; style=&quot;width:22px;background:#AEC2C9&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;' + '&lt;span&gt;tunnel wrapper&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;' + '&lt;span data-npb=&quot;tip&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute;left:50%;' + (compact ? 'top:26px' : 'bottom:26px') + ';transform:translateX(-50%);width:' + (compact ? '340' : '520') + 'px;max-width:96%;padding:8px 13px;' + 'background:linear-gradient(90deg,#14606F 0%,#1F7F8F 100%);color:#FFF;border-radius:8px;font-weight:400;font-size:12px;' + 'line-height:1.4;text-align:center;box-shadow:0 6px 16px rgba(20,96,111,.26);z-index:9;pointer-events:none;display:none&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;'; } function pctHTML(align) { return '&lt;span data-npb=&quot;pct&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:700;font-size:30px;letter-spacing:-.02em;line-height:1;color:#14606F&quot;&gt;100%&lt;\/span&gt;' + '&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:400;font-size:12.5px;color:#52686F;text-align:' + align + '&quot;&gt;of copied traffic reaches a tool&lt;\/span&gt;'; } function buildDesk() { stage.innerHTML = '&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;left:0;top:74px;width:212px;height:214px;background:#E4EDEF;border:1px solid #D2DEE1;border-radius:12px&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;div data-npb=&quot;toolPanel&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute;left:1028px;top:74px;width:212px;height:214px;background:#DFEDF1;border:1px solid #C9DDE3;border-radius:12px;transition:background .25s,border-color .25s&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;div class=&quot;npb-mono&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute;left:2px;top:44px;font-size:10px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#52686F&quot;&gt;Traffic sources \\u00b7 TAP \/ SPAN&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;div class=&quot;npb-mono&quot; data-npb=&quot;toolsLabel&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute;left:800px;top:44px;width:440px;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;font-size:10px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#52686F&quot;&gt;Monitoring &amp;amp; security tools&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;left:950px;top:300px;width:290px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-end;gap:1px&quot;&gt;' + pctHTML('right') + '&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;div data-npb=&quot;srcCards&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div data-npb=&quot;toolCards&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;left:300px;top:8px;width:640px;height:416px;background:#FBFDFD;border:1px solid #C7D6DA;border-radius:12px;box-shadow:0 8px 22px rgba(27,58,66,.07);display:flex;flex-direction:column;overflow:hidden;z-index:2&quot;&gt;' + '&lt;div style=&quot;height:36px;flex:none;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:0 15px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#14606F 0%,#1F7F8F 100%);color:#FFF&quot;&gt;' + '&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:9px&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;width:10px;height:10px;background:#7ED3E6;display:block;transform:rotate(45deg)&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;' + '&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:600;font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.09em;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Network Packet Broker&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;span class=&quot;npb-mono&quot; data-npb=&quot;throughput&quot; style=&quot;font-size:10px;color:#EAF7FA&quot;&gt;0 pkt\/s in \\u00b7 0 out&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1;min-height:0&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;div style=&quot;flex:none;border-top:1px solid #E0E8EA;background:#F2F7F8;padding:11px 15px 13px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:9px;z-index:6&quot;&gt;' + '&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:5px&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;npb-mono&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9.5px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#52686F&quot;&gt;Core stages&lt;\/span&gt;' + '&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:7px&quot;&gt;' + chipsHTML('core') + '&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:5px&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;npb-mono&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9.5px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#52686F&quot;&gt;Advanced&lt;\/span&gt;' + '&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:7px&quot;&gt;' + chipsHTML('adv') + '&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;div data-npb=&quot;legend&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute;left:300px;top:436px;width:640px;height:22px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:13px&quot;&gt;' + legendHTML(false) + '&lt;\/div&gt;'; stage.appendChild(canvas); above.innerHTML = ''; below.innerHTML = ''; q('srcCards').innerHTML = SOURCES.map(function (s, i) { return '&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;left:8px;top:' + (DESK.lanes[i] - 22) + 'px;width:196px;height:44px;background:#F7FAFA;' + 'border:1px solid #D2DEE1;border-radius:8px;padding:0 10px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:8px;z-index:3&quot;&gt;' + '&lt;span style=&quot;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:1px;min-width:0&quot;&gt;' + '&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:600;font-size:13px&quot;&gt;' + s[0] + '&lt;\/span&gt;' + '&lt;span class=&quot;npb-mono&quot; style=&quot;font-size:10px;color:#52686F&quot;&gt;' + s[1] + '&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;' + '&lt;span class=&quot;npb-mono&quot; style=&quot;flex:none;font-size:8.5px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:.1em;color:#FFF;background:' + (s[2] === 'TAP' ? '#14606F' : '#7A9096') + ';padding:3px 5px;border-radius:4px&quot;&gt;' + s[2] + '&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;'; }).join(''); } function buildMob() { stage.innerHTML = '&lt;div class=&quot;npb-mono&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute;left:4px;top:0;font-size:9.5px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#52686F&quot;&gt;Traffic sources \\u00b7 TAP \/ SPAN&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;div data-npb=&quot;srcCards&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;left:0;top:92px;width:380px;height:240px;background:#FBFDFD;border:1px solid #C7D6DA;border-radius:12px;box-shadow:0 6px 16px rgba(27,58,66,.07);z-index:1&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;left:1px;top:93px;width:378px;height:30px;border-radius:11px 11px 0 0;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:0 11px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#14606F 0%,#1F7F8F 100%);color:#FFF;z-index:6&quot;&gt;' + '&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:600;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:.07em;text-transform:uppercase&quot;&gt;Network Packet Broker&lt;\/span&gt;' + '&lt;span class=&quot;npb-mono&quot; data-npb=&quot;throughput&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;color:#EAF7FA&quot;&gt;0 pkt\/s&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;div data-npb=&quot;toolPanel&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute;left:0;top:364px;width:380px;height:52px;background:#DFEDF1;border:1px solid #C9DDE3;border-radius:10px;transition:background .25s,border-color .25s&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;div class=&quot;npb-mono&quot; data-npb=&quot;toolsLabel&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute;left:4px;top:418px;width:372px;white-space:nowrap;font-size:9.5px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:.12em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#52686F;z-index:6&quot;&gt;Monitoring &amp;amp; security tools&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;div data-npb=&quot;toolCards&quot;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;'; stage.appendChild(canvas); q('srcCards').innerHTML = SOURCES.map(function (s, i) { return '&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;left:' + (4 + i * 94) + 'px;top:16px;width:88px;height:42px;background:#F7FAFA;' + 'border:1px solid #D2DEE1;border-radius:8px;padding:5px 6px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;gap:2px;z-index:3&quot;&gt;' + '&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:600;font-size:11px;line-height:1.1&quot;&gt;' + s[3] + '&lt;\/span&gt;' + '&lt;span class=&quot;npb-mono&quot; style=&quot;font-size:8px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:.08em;color:#14606F&quot;&gt;' + s[2] + '&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;'; }).join(''); above.innerHTML = '&lt;div class=&quot;npb-panel npb-mob&quot; style=&quot;margin:0 0 12px&quot;&gt;' + '&lt;div class=&quot;npb-panel-hd&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Broker stages&lt;\/span&gt;' + '&lt;span class=&quot;npb-mono&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9px;letter-spacing:.06em;color:#EAF7FA;text-transform:none&quot;&gt;tap to switch&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;div style=&quot;padding:11px;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:10px&quot;&gt;' + '&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:6px;min-width:0&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;npb-mono&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9.5px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#52686F&quot;&gt;Core stages&lt;\/span&gt;' + chipsHTML('core') + '&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:6px;min-width:0&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;npb-mono&quot; style=&quot;font-size:9.5px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:.14em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#52686F&quot;&gt;Advanced&lt;\/span&gt;' + chipsHTML('adv') + '&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;'; below.innerHTML = '&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:10px 2px 6px&quot;&gt;' + '&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:1px&quot;&gt;' + pctHTML('left') + '&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;div data-npb=&quot;legend&quot; style=&quot;position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:9px 13px;padding:4px 2px 12px&quot;&gt;' + legendHTML(true) + '&lt;\/div&gt;'; } function renderTools() { var mode = state.stages.loadbalance ? 'lb' : 'std'; if (mode === toolMode) return; var first = toolMode === null; toolMode = mode; var lb = mode === 'lb', set = lb ? IDS_SET : TOOLS; var lab = q('toolsLabel'); lab.textContent = lb ? 'IDS cluster \\u00b7 load balanced' : 'Monitoring &amp; security tools'; lab.style.color = lb ? '#147C7C' : '#52686F'; var panel = q('toolPanel'); panel.style.background = lb ? '#E3F0F0' : '#DFEDF1'; panel.style.borderColor = lb ? '#147C7C' : '#C9DDE3'; if (!first) { panel.style.animation = 'none'; void panel.offsetWidth; panel.style.animation = 'npbPanelFlash 1.2s ease-out'; } if (G.id === 'desk') { q('toolCards').innerHTML = set.map(function (t, i) { return '&lt;div data-tool=&quot;' + i + '&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute;left:1036px;top:' + (DESK.lanes[i] - 22) + 'px;width:196px;height:44px;' + 'border-radius:8px;padding:0 10px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:8px;z-index:3;transition:opacity .2s,background .2s&quot;&gt;' + '&lt;span style=&quot;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:1px;min-width:0&quot;&gt;' + '&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:600;font-size:13px&quot;&gt;' + t[0] + '&lt;\/span&gt;' + '&lt;span class=&quot;npb-mono&quot; style=&quot;font-size:10px;color:#52686F&quot;&gt;' + t[1] + '&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;' + '&lt;span class=&quot;dot&quot; style=&quot;display:block;flex:none;width:8px;height:8px;border-radius:50%&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;'; }).join(''); } else { q('toolCards').innerHTML = set.map(function (t, i) { return '&lt;div data-tool=&quot;' + i + '&quot; style=&quot;position:absolute;left:' + (4 + i * 94) + 'px;top:368px;width:88px;height:44px;' + 'border-radius:8px;padding:5px 6px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;gap:2px;z-index:3;transition:opacity .2s,background .2s&quot;&gt;' + '&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:600;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.1&quot;&gt;' + t[2] + '&lt;\/span&gt;' + '&lt;span class=&quot;npb-mono&quot; style=&quot;font-size:8px;color:#52686F;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:4px&quot;&gt;' + '&lt;span class=&quot;dot&quot; style=&quot;display:block;flex:none;width:6px;height:6px;border-radius:50%&quot;&gt;&lt;\/span&gt;live&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;'; }).join(''); } } function setLayout(next) { if (layout === next.id) return false; layout = next.id; G = next; toolMode = null; root.classList.toggle('npb-is-mobile', next.id === 'mob'); if (next.id === 'desk') buildDesk(); else buildMob(); stage.style.width = G.W + 'px'; stage.style.height = G.H + 'px'; canvas.style.width = G.W + 'px'; canvas.style.height = G.H + 'px'; canvas.width = 0; bindTips(); return true; } function activeTools() { var st = state.stages; if (st.loadbalance) return st.filter ? [0, 1] : [0, 1, 2, 3]; if (st.filter) return [0, 1]; if (st.aggregate) return [0]; return [0, 1, 2, 3]; } function renderChrome() { renderTools(); root.querySelectorAll('[data-stage]').forEach(function (btn) { var k = btn.getAttribute('data-stage'), s = STAGES[k], on = state.stages[k]; btn.style.borderColor = on ? s.color : '#D2DEE1'; btn.style.background = on ? s.color + '1C' : '#FFF'; btn.style.color = on ? '#17323A' : '#52686F'; var led = btn.querySelector('.led'); led.style.background = on ? s.color : 'transparent'; led.style.borderColor = on ? s.color : '#B4C3C8'; led.style.boxShadow = on ? '0 0 0 3px ' + s.color + '2E' : 'none'; }); var act = activeTools(); root.querySelectorAll('[data-tool]').forEach(function (el) { var on = act.indexOf(+el.getAttribute('data-tool')) &gt;= 0; el.style.background = on ? '#FFF' : (G.id === 'desk' ? '#E9F0F2' : '#EDF3F4'); el.style.border = '1px solid ' + (on ? '#C9DDE3' : '#DCE6E9'); el.style.opacity = on ? 1 : 0.55; var d = el.querySelector('.dot'); d.style.background = on ? '#3E9E6B' : '#B4C3C8'; d.style.boxShadow = on ? '0 0 0 3px #3E9E6B26' : 'none'; }); var wrap = q('toastWrap'), t = state.toast; reserveToast(); if (!t) { wrap.style.cssText = 'display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:100%'; wrap.innerHTML = '&lt;span style=&quot;max-width:' + (G.id === 'mob' ? '100%' : Math.round(640 * state.scale) + 'px') + ';text-align:center;font-weight:400;font-size:13.5px;line-height:1.4;color:#52686F&quot;&gt;' + 'Switch the stages inside the NPB on and off \\u2014 tap one to see what it does to the packet flow.&lt;\/span&gt;'; return; } var s = STAGES[t.key]; var own = G.id === 'mob' || 300 * state.scale &lt;= 284; wrap.style.cssText = own ? 'flex:0 0 100%;width:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center' : 'display:contents'; var pos = own ? 'position:static;width:100%;max-width:' + (G.id === 'mob' ? '100%' : Math.round(640 * state.scale) + 'px') : 'position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);left:50%;margin-left:-' + Math.round(320 * state.scale) + 'px;width:' + Math.round(640 * state.scale) + 'px'; wrap.innerHTML = toastHTML(t, false); } function toastHTML(t, isProbe) { var s = STAGES[t.key]; var own = G.id === 'mob' || 300 * state.scale &lt;= 284; var pos = own ? 'position:static;width:100%;max-width:' + (G.id === 'mob' ? '100%' : Math.round(640 * state.scale) + 'px') : 'position:relative;width:' + Math.round(640 * state.scale) + 'px'; var body = t.on ? (state.view === 'Simple' ? s.simple : s.tech) : 'Bypassed \\u2014 traffic now passes this point exactly as it arrived.'; var badge = '&lt;span class=&quot;npb-mono&quot; style=&quot;flex:none;padding:2px 8px;border-radius:999px;font-size:9.5px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:.1em;color:' + s.color + ';background:#FFF&quot;&gt;' + (t.on ? 'ON' : 'OFF') + '&lt;\/span&gt;'; var name = '&lt;span style=&quot;flex:none;font-weight:700;font-size:13.5px;letter-spacing:.05em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#FFF&quot;&gt;' + s.label + '&lt;\/span&gt;'; var inner = G.id === 'mob' ? '&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:5px;width:100%&quot;&gt;' + '&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px&quot;&gt;' + badge + name + '&lt;\/div&gt;' + '&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:500;font-size:13.5px;line-height:1.4;color:#FFF&quot;&gt;' + body + '&lt;\/span&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;' : badge + name + '&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:500;font-size:14px;line-height:1.35;color:#FFF&quot;&gt;' + body + '&lt;\/span&gt;'; return '&lt;div class=&quot;npb-toast&quot; style=&quot;' + pos + ';display:flex;align-items:' + (G.id === 'mob' ? 'flex-start' : 'center') + ';gap:9px;min-height:36px;padding:' + (G.id === 'mob' ? '9px 13px 11px' : '7px 15px 7px 11px') + ';' + 'border-radius:' + (G.id === 'mob' ? '12px' : '999px') + ';background:' + s.color + (isProbe ? '' : ';animation:' + (t.seq % 2 ? 'npbToastA' : 'npbToastB') + ' .22s ease-out,npbToastOut .5s ease-in 5.5s forwards') + '&quot;&gt;' + inner + '&lt;\/div&gt;'; } var reservedFor = ''; function reserveToast() { var key = G.id + ':' + Math.round(toastSlot.clientWidth) + ':' + state.view; if (key === reservedFor) return; reservedFor = key; var probe = document.createElement('div'); probe.style.cssText = 'position:absolute;left:0;top:0;visibility:hidden;pointer-events:none;width:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center'; toastSlot.appendChild(probe); var max = 0; ORDER.forEach(function (k) { probe.innerHTML = toastHTML({ key: k, on: true, seq: 0 }, true); max = Math.max(max, probe.firstChild.getBoundingClientRect().height); }); probe.remove(); toastSlot.style.minHeight = Math.ceil(max) + 10 + 'px'; } root.addEventListener('click', function (e) { var chip = e.target.closest ? e.target.closest('[data-stage]') : null; if (chip) { var k = chip.getAttribute('data-stage'); state.stages[k] = !state.stages[k]; state.seq++; state.toast = { key: k, on: state.stages[k], seq: state.seq }; clearTimeout(toastTimer); toastTimer = setTimeout(function () { state.toast = null; renderChrome(); fit(); }, 6000); renderChrome(); fit(); return; } var vb = e.target.closest ? e.target.closest('[data-view]') : null; if (vb) { state.view = vb.getAttribute('data-view'); root.querySelectorAll('[data-view]').forEach(function (o) { o.classList.toggle('on', o === vb); }); renderChrome(); fit(); return; } if (e.target.closest &amp;&amp; e.target.closest('[data-npb=&quot;pause&quot;]')) { state.paused = !state.paused; q('pauseLabel').textContent = state.paused ? 'Resume' : 'Pause'; var ic = q('pauseIcon'); ic.style.borderRadius = state.paused ? '0' : '1px'; ic.style.clipPath = state.paused ? 'polygon(0 0,100% 50%,0 100%)' : 'none'; } }); function bindTips() { var legend = q('legend'); if (!legend) return; var tipEl = q('tip', legend), info = legend.querySelector('.npb-info'); var show = function (el) { var t = el.getAttribute('data-tip'); tipEl.textContent = t === 'info' ? INFO_TIP : t === 'tunnel' ? TUNNEL_TIP : FLOWS[+t].tip; tipEl.style.display = 'block'; info.style.background = '#14606F'; }; var hide = function () { tipEl.style.display = 'none'; info.style.background = '#93A4AA'; }; legend.querySelectorAll('[data-tip]').forEach(function (el) { el.addEventListener('mouseenter', function () { show(el); }); el.addEventListener('mouseleave', hide); el.addEventListener('click', function (ev) { ev.stopPropagation(); if (tipEl.style.display === 'block' &amp;&amp; tipEl.dataset.k === el.getAttribute('data-tip')) { hide(); tipEl.dataset.k = ''; } else { show(el); tipEl.dataset.k = el.getAttribute('data-tip'); } }); }); document.addEventListener('click', function (ev) { if (!legend.contains(ev.target)) hide(); }); } function gates() { var act = ORDER.filter(function (k) { return state.stages[k]; }); return act.map(function (k, i) { return { key: k, d: G.g0 + ((i + 1) * (G.g1 - G.g0)) \/ (act.length + 1), color: STAGES[k].color, label: STAGES[k].label, transform: STAGES[k].transform, i: i, n: act.length }; }); } function spawn() { var dup = lastFlow &amp;&amp; Math.random() &lt; 0.3; var flow = dup ? lastFlow : FLOWS[Math.floor(Math.random() * FLOWS.length)]; lastFlow = flow; var lane = Math.floor(Math.random() * 4); stats.i++; packets.push({ d: G.d0, c: G.lanes[lane], tc: G.lanes[lane], lane: lane, flow: flow, dup: dup, sliced: false, tunnel: lane === 3 || Math.random() &lt; 0.4, alpha: 1, dying: false, stop: false, vc: 0, out: null, counted: false, hit: {} }); } function dedupLine() { var g = gates(); for (var i = 0; i &lt; g.length; i++) if (g[i].key === 'dedup') return g[i].d; return null; } function isRedundant(p, line) { var L = p.flow.letter; for (var z = 0; z &lt; packets.length; z++) { var o = packets[z]; if (o !== p &amp;&amp; !o.dying &amp;&amp; o.flow.letter === L &amp;&amp; o.hit.dedup &amp;&amp; o.d &gt;= line) return true; } return false; } function kill(p, stop) { p.dying = true; p.stop = !!stop; p.vc = stop ? 0 : G.drift * 0.22; } function applyGate(p, k) { if (k === 'detunnel') p.tunnel = false; else if (k === 'dedup') { if (isRedundant(p, p.hitD)) kill(p); } else if (k === 'filter') { var lane = ROUTE[p.flow.letter]; if (lane === undefined) kill(p, true); else { p.out = lane; p.tc = G.lanes[lane]; } } else if (k === 'slice') p.sliced = true; else if (k === 'aggregate') p.tc = G.center; else if (k === 'loadbalance') { var idx = HASH[p.flow.letter]; p.out = idx; p.tc = G.lanes[idx]; } } function update(dt) { var g = gates(), v = G.speed; packets.sort(function (a, b) { return b.d - a.d; }); acc += dt; while (acc &gt; 0.52) { acc -= 0.52; spawn(); } for (var i = 0; i &lt; packets.length; i++) { var p = packets[i]; if (p.dying) { if (p.stop) { p.alpha -= dt * 1.9; continue; } p.d += v * 0.3 * dt; p.vc += G.drift * dt; p.c += p.vc * dt; p.alpha -= dt * 1.1; continue; } p.d += v * dt; for (var j = 0; j &lt; g.length; j++) { if (p.d &gt;= g[j].d &amp;&amp; !p.hit[g[j].key]) { p.hit[g[j].key] = true; p.hitD = g[j].d; if (!p.dying) applyGate(p, g[j].key); } } if (p.dying) continue; if (p.d &gt;= G.dOut &amp;&amp; p.out === null) { p.out = state.stages.aggregate ? 0 : p.lane; p.tc = G.lanes[p.out]; } p.c += (p.tc - p.c) * Math.min(1, dt * 5); if (p.d &gt;= G.dEnd - 8 &amp;&amp; !p.counted) { p.counted = true; stats.o++; } } packets = packets.filter(function (p) { var alive = p.alpha &gt; 0.03 &amp;&amp; p.d &lt; G.dEnd + 4; if (!alive) { if (p.dying) stats.d++; } return alive; }); } function fmt(v) { return v &gt;= 1000 ? (v \/ 1000).toFixed(1) + ' k' : String(Math.round(v)); } function flush(dt) { stats.t += dt; if (stats.t &lt; 2) return; var inst = stats.i * (320 \/ stats.t); ema = ema === null ? inst : ema + (inst - ema) * 0.3; var a = 0.18; termO = termO === null ? stats.o : termO + (stats.o - termO) * a; termD = termD === null ? stats.d : termD + (stats.d - termD) * a; stats = { i: 0, o: 0, d: 0, t: 0 }; var tot = termO + termD; if (tot &gt; 0.25) ratio = termO \/ tot; var r = ratio === null ? 1 : ratio; var inR = ema, outR = inR * r; var pct = Math.min(100, Math.round(r * 100)); var th = q('throughput'); if (th) th.textContent = G.id === 'mob' ? fmt(inR) + ' in \\u00b7 ' + fmt(outR) + ' out' : fmt(inR) + ' pkt\/s in \\u00b7 ' + fmt(outR) + ' out'; var pEl = q('pct'); if (pEl) { pEl.textContent = pct + '%'; pEl.style.color = pct &gt;= 99 ? '#14606F' : pct &gt;= 50 ? '#1F7F8F' : '#C4232B'; } } function seg(d0, d1, c, color, w) { var a = G.project(d0, c), b = G.project(d1, c); ctx.strokeStyle = color; ctx.lineWidth = w; ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(a.x, a.y); ctx.lineTo(b.x, b.y); ctx.stroke(); } function rr(x, y, w, h, r) { ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(x + r, y); ctx.lineTo(x + w - r, y); ctx.quadraticCurveTo(x + w, y, x + w, y + r); ctx.lineTo(x + w, y + h - r); ctx.quadraticCurveTo(x + w, y + h, x + w - r, y + h); ctx.lineTo(x + r, y + h); ctx.quadraticCurveTo(x, y + h, x, y + h - r); ctx.lineTo(x, y + r); ctx.quadraticCurveTo(x, y, x + r, y); ctx.closePath(); } var inkCache = {}; function inkOn(hex) { if (inkCache[hex]) return inkCache[hex]; var rgb = [1, 3, 5].map(function (i) { return parseInt(hex.substr(i, 2), 16); }); var lum = function (c) { var s = c.map(function (v) { v \/= 255; return v &lt;= 0.03928 ? v \/ 12.92 : Math.pow((v + 0.055) \/ 1.055, 2.4); }); return 0.2126 * s[0] + 0.7152 * s[1] + 0.0722 * s[2]; }; for (var n = 0; n &lt; 30 &amp;&amp; 1.05 \/ (lum(rgb) + 0.05) &lt; 4.6; n++) rgb = rgb.map(function (v) { return v * 0.9; }); return (inkCache[hex] = 'rgb(' + rgb.map(Math.round).join(',') + ')'); } function layoutGatesDesk(g) { var twoLine = g.length &lt;= 3, PAD = 6; var boxes = g.map(function (gate, i) { ctx.font = (twoLine ? '600 10.5px ' : '600 9.5px ') + MONO; var bw = ctx.measureText(gate.label.toUpperCase()).width; if (twoLine) { ctx.font = '400 9.5px ' + MONO; bw = Math.max(bw, ctx.measureText(gate.transform).width); } bw += twoLine ? 20 : 13; return { gate: gate, twoLine: twoLine, w: bw, h: twoLine ? 32 : 19, row: twoLine ? 0 : (i % 2), x: gate.d - bw \/ 2 }; }); [0, 1].forEach(function (r) { var row = boxes.filter(function (b) { return b.row === r; }); var lo = G.dIn + 2, hi = G.dOut - 2; row.forEach(function (b) { b.x = Math.max(lo, b.x); lo = b.x + b.w + PAD; }); var edge = hi; for (var i = row.length - 1; i &gt;= 0; i--) { row[i].x = Math.min(row[i].x, edge - row[i].w); edge = row[i].x - PAD; } }); return boxes; } function drawGateDesk(b) { var gate = b.gate, top = b.twoLine ? 54 : (b.row === 0 ? 54 : 80); ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle'; ctx.save(); ctx.setLineDash([5, 5]); ctx.globalAlpha = 0.55; ctx.strokeStyle = gate.color; ctx.lineWidth = 1.4; ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(gate.d, top + b.h); ctx.lineTo(gate.d, 282); ctx.stroke(); ctx.restore(); var cx = b.x + b.w \/ 2; if (Math.abs(cx - gate.d) &gt; 1) { ctx.save(); ctx.globalAlpha = 0.5; ctx.strokeStyle = gate.color; ctx.lineWidth = 1; ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(cx, top + b.h); ctx.lineTo(gate.d, top + b.h + 9); ctx.stroke(); ctx.restore(); } ctx.fillStyle = '#FFF'; rr(b.x, top, b.w, b.h, 6); ctx.fill(); ctx.strokeStyle = gate.color; ctx.lineWidth = 1.2; ctx.stroke(); ctx.fillStyle = inkOn(gate.color); ctx.font = (b.twoLine ? '600 10.5px ' : '600 9.5px ') + MONO; ctx.fillText(gate.label.toUpperCase(), cx, top + (b.twoLine ? 11 : b.h \/ 2 + 0.5)); if (b.twoLine) { ctx.font = '400 9.5px ' + MONO; ctx.fillStyle = '#2A3E45'; ctx.fillText(gate.transform, cx, top + 24); } } function drawGateMob(gate, y) { var label = gate.label.toUpperCase(); ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle'; ctx.font = '600 9px ' + MONO; var wl = ctx.measureText(label).width; ctx.font = '400 8.5px ' + MONO; var wt = ctx.measureText(gate.transform).width; var bw = Math.min(360, wl + wt + 24), h = 16; var bx = 190 - bw \/ 2; ctx.fillStyle = '#FFF'; rr(bx, y - h \/ 2, bw, h, 5); ctx.fill(); ctx.strokeStyle = gate.color; ctx.lineWidth = 1; ctx.stroke(); ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.font = '600 9px ' + MONO; ctx.fillStyle = inkOn(gate.color); ctx.fillText(label, bx + 8, y + 0.5); ctx.font = '400 8.5px ' + MONO; ctx.fillStyle = '#2A3E45'; ctx.fillText(gate.transform, bx + 8 + wl + 8, y + 0.5); } function draw() { ctx.clearRect(0, 0, G.W, G.H); var dl = state.stages.dedup ? dedupLine() : null; var act = activeTools(), g = gates(); for (var i = 0; i &lt; 4; i++) { var c = G.lanes[i], on = act.indexOf(i) &gt;= 0; seg(G.d0, G.dIn, c - 3.5, '#3E9E6B', 1.6); seg(G.d0, G.dIn, c + 3.5, '#C4232B', 1.6); seg(G.dOut, G.dEnd, c - 3.5, on ? '#3E9E6B' : '#D6E0E3', 1.6); seg(G.dOut, G.dEnd, c + 3.5, on ? '#C4232B' : '#D6E0E3', 1.6); seg(G.dIn, G.dOut, c, '#DCE5E7', 1); } ctx.save(); ctx.setLineDash([4, 5]); seg(G.dIn, G.dOut, G.center, state.stages.aggregate ? '#71A67A66' : '#DCE5E7', 1); ctx.restore(); var mob = G.id === 'mob'; if (mob) { ctx.save(); ctx.setLineDash([5, 5]); ctx.globalAlpha = 0.5; ctx.lineWidth = 1.2; for (var q0 = 0; q0 &lt; g.length; q0++) { ctx.strokeStyle = g[q0].color; ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(10, g[q0].d); ctx.lineTo(370, g[q0].d); ctx.stroke(); } ctx.restore(); } else { var bx = layoutGatesDesk(g); for (var k = 0; k &lt; bx.length; k++) drawGateDesk(bx[k]); } for (var n = 0; n &lt; packets.length; n++) { var p = packets[n], pt = G.project(p.d, p.c); ctx.save(); ctx.globalAlpha = Math.max(0, p.alpha) * (p.dying ? 0.7 : 1); var ghost = dl === null ? p.dup &amp;&amp; !p.hit.dedup : (!p.hit.dedup &amp;&amp; isRedundant(p, dl)); if (ghost) { ctx.save(); ctx.globalAlpha = ctx.globalAlpha * 0.4; ctx.fillStyle = p.flow.color; rr(pt.x - (p.sliced ? 5 : 9) - 4, pt.y - 10.5, p.sliced ? 10 : 18, 13, 2); ctx.fill(); ctx.restore(); } if (p.tunnel) { ctx.fillStyle = '#AEC2C9'; rr(pt.x - 13, pt.y - 10, 26, 20, 3); ctx.fill(); } var w = p.sliced ? 10 : 18; ctx.fillStyle = p.flow.color; rr(pt.x - w \/ 2, pt.y - 6.5, w, 13, 2); ctx.fill(); if (p.sliced) { ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,255,255,.85)'; ctx.lineWidth = 1; ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(pt.x + w \/ 2 - 2.5, pt.y - 6.5); ctx.lineTo(pt.x + w \/ 2 - 2.5, pt.y + 6.5); ctx.stroke(); } else { ctx.fillStyle = '#FFF'; ctx.font = '500 9.5px ' + MONO; ctx.textAlign = 'center'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle'; ctx.fillText(p.flow.letter, pt.x, pt.y + 0.5); } ctx.restore(); } if (mob) { var minGap = 19, prev = -99, ys = g.map(function (gt) { var y = Math.max(gt.d, prev + minGap); prev = y; return y; }); for (var m = 0; m &lt; g.length; m++) drawGateMob(g[m], ys[m]); } } function remapPackets(from, to) { var sd = (to.dEnd - to.d0) \/ (from.dEnd - from.d0); packets.forEach(function (p) { p.d = to.d0 + (p.d - from.d0) * sd; var li = from.lanes.indexOf(p.tc); p.tc = li &gt;= 0 ? to.lanes[li] : to.center; p.c = p.tc; }); } function fit() { var w = host.clientWidth || root.clientWidth || 1240; var want = w &lt; 700 ? MOB : DESK; var prev = G; var switched = setLayout(want); if (switched &amp;&amp; prev) remapPackets(prev, G); var s = want.id === 'mob' ? Math.min(1.15, w \/ G.W) : Math.min(1, w \/ G.W); state.scale = s; stage.style.transform = 'scale(' + s + ')'; stage.style.left = Math.max(0, (w - G.W * s) \/ 2) + 'px'; host.style.height = Math.round(G.H * s) + 'px'; var dpr = Math.min(2, window.devicePixelRatio || 1); if (canvas.width !== Math.round(G.W * dpr)) { canvas.width = Math.round(G.W * dpr); canvas.height = Math.round(G.H * dpr); ctx.setTransform(dpr, 0, 0, dpr, 0, 0); } if (switched) renderChrome(); reserveToast(); draw(); if (window.frameElement) { var ch = root.getBoundingClientRect().height; if (ch &gt; 0) window.frameElement.style.height = Math.ceil(ch) + 'px'; } } var last = performance.now(), simAcc = 0, raf = 0; function tick(now) { var raw = Math.min(0.5, (now - last) \/ 1000); last = now; if (!state.paused) { simAcc += raw; var step = 1 \/ 60, used = 0; while (simAcc &gt;= step) { update(step); simAcc -= step; used += step; } if (used &gt; 0) flush(used); } draw(); raf = requestAnimationFrame(tick); } if (window.ResizeObserver) new ResizeObserver(fit).observe(host); window.addEventListener('resize', fit); document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', function () { last = performance.now(); }); setInterval(function () { fit(); if (performance.now() - last &gt; 120) tick(performance.now()); }, 60); fit(); renderChrome(); raf = requestAnimationFrame(tick); })();&lt;\/script&gt;&lt;\/body&gt;&lt;\/html&gt;\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c2e;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\"><strong>Traffic redirection &amp; filtering<\/strong> \u2013 Forward or discard packets based on predefined rules.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c2e;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\"><strong>Traffic replication<\/strong> \u2013 Duplicate packets for delivery to multiple tools.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c2e;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\"><strong>Protocol stripping<\/strong> \u2013 Remove unnecessary encapsulations to improve processing efficiency.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c2e;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\"><strong>Packet slicing<\/strong> \u2013 Truncate packets to conserve bandwidth and optimize network traffic analysis.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c2e;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\"><strong>Load balancing<\/strong> \u2013 Distribute network traffic across multiple tools for optimized performance analytics.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c2e;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\"><strong>Tunneling support<\/strong> \u2013 Terminate or initiate network tunnels such as GRE and VXLAN.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Advanced Layer 7 (L7) Network Packet Brokers, also known as Next-Generation NPBs, extend capabilities to deep packet inspection (DPI), Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA), and network security analytics. These may include keyword searches, regular expression filtering, SSL\/TLS decryption, and packet deduplication, enhancing visibility into network sessions and application-layer traffic monitoring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:25px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"gf82b1d865734\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"text-align:center;color:#12668d\">What are the key deployment modes for an NPB?<\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading has-custom-font-size\" style=\"font-size:20px\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\">NPBs can be deployed in two primary modes:<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section alignwide getwid-margin-top-normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-bottom-none\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#12668d\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\" style=\"opacity:0.84;background-color:var(--nv-site-bg)\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Inline Deployment<\/strong> \u2013 The NPB is inserted directly into the traffic flow, allowing real-time manipulation of data packets. Inline NPBs can enhance cybersecurity by supporting intrusion prevention systems (IPS), firewalls, and data loss prevention (DLP) tools. Additionally, they offer failover protection by automatically rerouting traffic if a security device fails.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section alignwide getwid-margin-top-normal getwid-margin-bottom-normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-bottom-none\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#12668d\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\" style=\"opacity:0.84;background-color:var(--nv-site-bg)\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Out-of-Band Deployment<\/strong> \u2013 In this mode, an NPB receives a mirrored copy of network traffic from TAPs or SPAN ports, enabling passive network monitoring. This configuration is ideal for compliance monitoring, forensic analysis, and Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) integration without affecting live traffic.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By filtering and directing only relevant data to network security and monitoring tools, NPBs prevent tool overload and optimize performance, ensuring better network visibility and data center efficiency.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"gbf2290922dac\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"color:#12668d\">How to solve Network Challenges with a Network Packet Broker?<\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Organizations implement Network Packet Brokers to address critical pain points, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#12668d\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\" style=\"opacity:0.84;background-color:var(--nv-site-bg)\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"gb0e5a59bb791\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"color:#12668d\">Limited Network Access for Monitoring and Security Tools<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">One of the primary challenges in network visibility is ensuring that security and monitoring tools receive the right traffic. An NPB acts as a traffic aggregation hub, gathering data from multiple sources and distributing it to relevant tools. This ensures complete network visibility while eliminating blind spots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-nv-site-bg-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-1 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c7d;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Traffic duplication:<\/strong> Allows multiple tools to analyze the same data stream simultaneously<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-nv-site-bg-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-2 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c7d;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Traffic aggregation: <\/strong>Combines feeds from different network segments into a single, manageable stream.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-nv-site-bg-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-3 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c7d;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Protocol normalization:<\/strong> Strips unnecessary layers to make traffic interpretable for security tools.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section getwid-margin-top-normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background has-background\" style=\"background-color:#12668d\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\" style=\"opacity:0.84;background-color:var(--nv-site-bg)\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"gb70b98c40357\"><h3 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"color:#12668d\">Maximizing Tool Efficiency and ROI<\/h3><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"876\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/technical-graphic_npb-function-1-1280x876.png\" alt=\"technical graphic for the Network Packet Broker function\" class=\"wp-image-24412\" style=\"width:437px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/technical-graphic_npb-function-1-1280x876.png 1280w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/technical-graphic_npb-function-1-480x329.png 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/technical-graphic_npb-function-1-240x164.png 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/technical-graphic_npb-function-1-768x526.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/technical-graphic_npb-function-1-1536x1051.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/technical-graphic_npb-function-1.png 1578w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Security and monitoring appliances have processing limits. Sending them excessive or irrelevant traffic can lead to performance degradation and unnecessary hardware upgrades. NPBs alleviate this by:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-nv-site-bg-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-4 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c7d;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Eliminating unnecessary traffic before it reaches monitoring tools.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-nv-site-bg-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-5 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c7d;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Packet slicing to remove unneeded payload data, reducing network bandwidth consumption.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-nv-site-bg-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-6 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c7d;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Load balancing to distribute traffic efficiently across multiple tools, preventing overload.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With an intelligent NPB in place, organizations can extend the lifespan of their cybersecurity, compliance, and network monitoring infrastructure, reducing costs while maintaining peak performance.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull getwid-margin-top-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"gbd1650600584\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"text-align:center;color:#12668d\">Next Generation Network Packet Broker <\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\"><div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/infographic_next-generation-npb_web-small.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"169\" height=\"240\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/infographic_next-generation-npb_web-small-169x240.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-14318\" style=\"width:422px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/infographic_next-generation-npb_web-small-169x240.jpg 169w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/infographic_next-generation-npb_web-small-339x480.jpg 339w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/infographic_next-generation-npb_web-small-768x1088.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/infographic_next-generation-npb_web-small.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 169px) 100vw, 169px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50%\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In recent years, the demand for network visibility tools has increased because they make existing monitoring tools work better and save costs for the users. Network Packet Brokers (NPBs) gather and aggregate network traffic from switch SPAN ports or network TAPs and then tap that traffic to enable the more efficient use of security and performance tools \u2013 in-line and\/or passive. They make existing security and performance tools work better, enabling users to get more out of their investments and lengthen the life of these tools.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The growing complexity of enterprise networks has created a need for more effective solutions to the issues related to specific blind spots. Companies look for cost-efficient solutions that cater to their specific needs\u2014high port density, agility, security, scalability and network visibility. As a result, instead of adding new monitoring tools which lead to higher costs, hours of configuration time and additional management complexities, the companies use NPBs which enable the migration to higher network speeds and increase the effectiveness of security and monitoring tools that are already in place.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Preventing failures is much more effective than repairing them, especially when it comes to providing a reliable and secure data environment to customers. With proper visibility into your network, you can capture the data you need to prevent costly outages. NPBs provide comprehensive network visibility solutions for monitoring networks. The final goal of a visibility architecture is to be able to capture data smartly at regular intervals for troubleshooting or any other monitoring needs.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By implementing a high-performance Network Packet Broker, enterprises can significantly enhance their network monitoring, security posture, and operational efficiency, ensuring seamless traffic analysis, compliance with security standards, and protection against potential threats.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-normal\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"gd8fbd796c84e\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"text-align:center;color:#12668d\">FAQs<\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion accordion-blue\" data-active-element=\"none\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-wrapper\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-title\"><strong>What is the difference between a Network Packet Broker and a network switch?<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-active\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-down\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-passive\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Network Packet Broker (NPB) and a network switch both manage network traffic, but they serve different purposes. An NPB is designed specifically to optimize network visibility and performance by aggregating, filtering, and distributing network traffic to monitoring tools. It ensures that only relevant data is sent to each tool, preventing overload. On the other hand, A network switch connects devices within a network and forwards data packets to and from those devices. NPBs focus on traffic management for analysis, security, and monitoring, whereas switches handle basic data forwarding between network nodes.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-wrapper\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-title\"><strong>How does a Network Packet Broker improve security monitoring?<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-active\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-down\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-passive\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An NPB enhances security monitoring by filtering and aggregating traffic from multiple sources, ensuring that security tools like intrusion detection systems (IDS) and security information and event management (SIEM) solutions receive only the most relevant data. This targeted data delivery improves the efficiency and accuracy of threat detection, reducing false positives and unnecessary alerts. By controlling traffic flow and applying advanced filtering, a NPB ensures that monitoring tools are not overwhelmed with excessive or irrelevant data, enabling more effective and timely response to security threats.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-wrapper\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-title\"><strong>Can an NPB help with compliance and regulatory requirements?<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-active\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-down\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-passive\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes, a Network Packet Broker (NPB) can play a vital role in meeting compliance and regulatory requirements. By offering deep visibility into network traffic and ensuring that only necessary and secure data is monitored, NPBs help organizations adhere to regulations like GDPR, HIPAA, and PCI-DSS. NPBs provide the ability to apply traffic filtering and data masking, which protects sensitive information and ensures compliance with data privacy standards. This reduces the risk of non-compliance by ensuring that monitoring tools focus on relevant, non-sensitive data, and reporting is streamlined.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-wrapper\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-title\"><strong>What types of traffic filtering can an NPB perform?<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-active\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-down\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-passive\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An NPB offers a range of traffic filtering capabilities to ensure only relevant data is delivered to monitoring tools. Common filtering options include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>IP filtering:<\/strong> Directs traffic based on IP addresses or subnets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Port filtering:<\/strong> Focuses on particular protocols or ports, ensuring only critical traffic is monitored.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Protocol filtering:<\/strong> Filters traffic based on protocols like HTTP, FTP, or DNS.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Application-level filtering:<\/strong> Filters traffic based on application-layer data, such as specific requests or transactions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These filters ensure monitoring tools receive the right data while reducing network congestion and tool overload.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-wrapper\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-title\"><strong>How does packet deduplication work, and why is it important?<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-active\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-down\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-passive\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Packet deduplication is a process that eliminates redundant or duplicate packets in network traffic before they reach monitoring or security tools. This is crucial because duplicated packets can overwhelm tools, consume unnecessary resources, and distort analysis. Deduplication ensures that only unique, relevant data is analyzed, improving the efficiency of network monitoring tools and reducing storage requirements. For instance, when network traffic is mirrored across multiple paths, deduplication prevents the same data from being sent multiple times, resulting in clearer insights and more accurate monitoring.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-wrapper\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-title\"><strong>How do NPBs support higher network speeds and evolving protocols?<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-active\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-down\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-passive\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As networks evolve to handle higher speeds and new protocols, Network Packet Brokers (NPBs) ensure that monitoring tools can keep pace. NPBs support 1\/10\/40\/100\/400 GbE, providing scalable solutions for high-speed networks. They also adapt to new protocols like VXLAN, NVGRE, and MPLS, ensuring visibility across modern data center architectures. By intelligently managing and distributing traffic, NPBs help prevent network bottlenecks and ensure that monitoring tools can process the latest protocols without lag or loss of information.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-wrapper\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-title\"><strong>What\u2019s the impact of using an NPB on network latency?<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-active\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-down\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-passive\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Using an NPB generally has a minimal impact on network latency, as these devices are designed for high-speed processing and efficiency. However, in some scenarios, particularly in inline deployments, a slight increase in latency may occur due to the inspection and filtering of traffic. Advanced NPBs are built with low-latency hardware and optimized processing capabilities, ensuring that any delay is negligible and does not disrupt the performance of time-sensitive applications. The benefits of enhanced visibility and monitoring far outweigh the slight latency increase.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-wrapper\"><h4 class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header\"><a href=\"#\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__header-title\"><strong>How can an NPB extend the lifespan of existing monitoring and security tools?<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-active\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-down\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__icon is-passive\"><i class=\"fas fa-angle-up\"><\/i><\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">An NPB helps extend the lifespan of existing monitoring and security tools by optimizing network traffic delivery and ensuring that monitoring solutions receive only relevant data. By offloading traffic aggregation, filtering, and load balancing to the NPB, organizations can reduce the strain on older tools, allowing them to continue functioning efficiently without requiring costly upgrades. This reduces the need for frequent hardware replacements and maximizes the investment in current security and monitoring infrastructure.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section alignfull\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper getwid-padding-top-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading\" id=\"g4cfaf9758e1e\"><h2 class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"text-align:center;color:#12668d\">Our Network Packet Broker Portfolio<\/h2><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-tabs-0429ec6f\" class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-tabs\"><div class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-tabs__content\">\n<div data-title=\"NPBs with built-in CPU up to Layer 7\" class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-tabs-item\"><div class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-tabs-item__header\" tabindex=\"0\">NPBs with built-in CPU up to Layer 7<\/div><div class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-tabs-item__content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c2e;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading has-custom-font-size\" style=\"font-size:20px\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\" style=\"text-align:center;line-height:25px;padding-bottom:20px\">EXA48800<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa48800_quader.jpg\" alt=\"product photo of the network packet broker exa48800 of Cubro Network Visibility\" class=\"wp-image-28863\" style=\"width:300px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa48800_quader.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa48800_quader-480x320.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa48800_quader-240x160.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa48800_quader-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa48800_quader-930x620.jpg 930w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-21295d6f wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-primary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/products\/network-packet-brokers\/exa48800\/\">Product Details<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c2e;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading has-custom-font-size\" style=\"font-size:20px\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\" style=\"text-align:center;line-height:25px;padding-bottom:20px\">EXA48200<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa48200_quader.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20836\" style=\"width:300px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa48200_quader.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa48200_quader-480x320.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa48200_quader-240x160.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa48200_quader-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa48200_quader-930x620.jpg 930w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-21295d6f wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-primary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/products\/network-packet-brokers\/exa48200\/\">Product Details<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-title=\"NPBs for Layer 5+\" class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-tabs-item\"><div class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-tabs-item__header\" tabindex=\"0\">NPBs for Layer 5+<\/div><div class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-tabs-item__content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c2e;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading has-custom-font-size\" style=\"font-size:20px\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\" style=\"text-align:center;line-height:25px;padding-bottom:20px\">EXA32400<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa32400-square.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-29769\" style=\"width:300px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa32400-square.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa32400-square-480x320.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa32400-square-240x160.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa32400-square-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa32400-square-930x620.jpg 930w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-21295d6f wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-primary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/products\/network-packet-brokers\/exa32400\/\">Product Details<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c2e;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading has-custom-font-size\" style=\"font-size:20px\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\" style=\"text-align:center;line-height:25px;padding-bottom:20px\">EXA32100A<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa32100a_quader.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20833\" style=\"width:300px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa32100a_quader.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa32100a_quader-480x320.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa32100a_quader-240x160.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa32100a_quader-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/exa32100a_quader-930x620.jpg 930w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-21295d6f wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-primary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/products\/network-packet-brokers\/exa32100a\/\">Product Details<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c2e;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading has-custom-font-size\" style=\"font-size:20px\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\" style=\"text-align:center;line-height:25px;padding-bottom:20px\">EXA64100<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/EXA64100_square.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20839\" style=\"width:300px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/EXA64100_square.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/EXA64100_square-480x320.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/EXA64100_square-240x160.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/EXA64100_square-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/EXA64100_square-930x620.jpg 930w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-21295d6f wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-primary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/products\/network-packet-brokers\/exa64100\/\">Product Details<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div data-title=\"NPBs up to\u00a0Layer 4\" class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-tabs-item\"><div class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-tabs-item__header\" tabindex=\"0\">NPBs up to\u00a0Layer 4<\/div><div class=\"wp-block-themeisle-blocks-tabs-item__content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c2e;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading has-custom-font-size\" style=\"font-size:20px\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\" style=\"text-align:center;line-height:25px;padding-bottom:20px\">Aggregator C32<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/agg-c32_quader.jpg\" alt=\"product image of Cubro`s Network Packet Broker Aggregator C32\" class=\"wp-image-20818\" style=\"width:300px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/agg-c32_quader.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/agg-c32_quader-480x320.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/agg-c32_quader-240x160.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/agg-c32_quader-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/agg-c32_quader-930x620.jpg 930w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-21295d6f wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-primary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/products\/network-packet-brokers\/aggregator-c32\/\">Product Details<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c2e;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading has-custom-font-size\" style=\"font-size:20px\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\" style=\"text-align:center;line-height:25px;padding-bottom:20px\">EX48200<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ex48200_quader.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20830\" style=\"width:300px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ex48200_quader.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ex48200_quader-480x320.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ex48200_quader-240x160.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ex48200_quader-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ex48200_quader-930x620.jpg 930w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-21295d6f wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-primary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/products\/network-packet-brokers\/ex48200\/\">Product Details<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c2e;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading has-custom-font-size\" style=\"font-size:20px\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\" style=\"text-align:center;line-height:25px;padding-bottom:20px\">EX6-3<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ex6-3_quader.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20824\" style=\"width:300px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ex6-3_quader.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ex6-3_quader-480x320.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ex6-3_quader-240x160.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ex6-3_quader-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ex6-3_quader-930x620.jpg 930w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-21295d6f wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-primary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/products\/network-packet-brokers\/ex6-3\/\">Product Details<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-background is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"background-color:#12668c2e;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--60);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading has-custom-font-size\" style=\"font-size:20px\"><span class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content\" style=\"text-align:center;line-height:25px;padding-bottom:20px\">EX5-3<\/span><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ex5-3_quader.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-20821\" style=\"width:300px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ex5-3_quader.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ex5-3_quader-480x320.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ex5-3_quader-240x160.jpg 240w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ex5-3_quader-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ex5-3_quader-930x620.jpg 930w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-21295d6f wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-primary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-text-align-center wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/products\/network-packet-brokers\/ex5-3\/\">Product Details<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:5%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-fe48e5de wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button is-style-primary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/products\/network-packet-brokers\/\">Network Packet Broker overview<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"nv-cv-d nv-cv-m wp-block-getwid-section getwid-margin-top-large\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-wrapper\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background-holder\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__background\"><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__foreground\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__content\"><div class=\"wp-block-getwid-section__inner-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading has-custom-font-size\" style=\"font-size:42px\"><p class=\"wp-block-getwid-advanced-heading__content has-text-color\" style=\"text-align:center;font-weight:300;line-height:50px;color:#12668d\">Additional Pages &amp; Resources<\/p><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column border-soft-lightgray is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"lazyblock-linked-box-1oaR43 wp-block-lazyblock-linked-box\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/products\/network-packet-brokers\/\"><div class=\"linked_box max-height-120\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"default-content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/npb-page-header-image-03-2025.png\" alt=\"image of three network packet broker from Cubro Network Visibility\" \/><p class=\"linked-title\">Network Packet Brokers Overview<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column border-soft-lightgray is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"lazyblock-linked-box-I1scj wp-block-lazyblock-linked-box\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/CUB-400GNetworks-Ebook.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"linked_box max-height-120\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"default-content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/ebook-400G-Networks_full-cover.png\" alt=\"cover for ebook 400G Networks - Complete Solution for Network Visiblity\" \/><p class=\"linked-title\">Ebook &#8211; 400G Networks<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column border-soft-lightgray is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"lazyblock-linked-box-Z97nTm wp-block-lazyblock-linked-box\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/CUB-IntroductoryGuideToNetworkPacketBrokers-WP.pdf\" target=\"_blank\"><div class=\"linked_box max-height-120\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"default-content\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/resources_white-paper.png\" alt=\"Cubro Network Visibility icon of white paper\" \/><p class=\"linked-title\">White paper &#8211; Introductory Guide to NPB<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8f761849 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column border-soft-lightgray is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<div class=\"nv-iframe-embed\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Network Packet Broker | 100 GBit NPB\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5TIXa8QLgbw?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow 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text-align:left; font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#661d1d; background-color:#ffeded; border-radius:3px; border-color:#ff4949;\">\r\n              <\/label>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div style=\"padding: 8px 0;\">\r\n          <div class=\"sib-input sib-form-block\">\r\n            <div class=\"form__entry entry_block\">\r\n              <div class=\"form__label-row \">\r\n                <label class=\"entry__label\" style=\"font-weight: 500; text-align:left; font-size:16px; text-align:left; font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#3c4858;\" for=\"LASTNAME\" data-required=\"*\">Last Name<\/label>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"entry__field\">\r\n                  <input class=\"input \" maxlength=\"200\" type=\"text\" id=\"LASTNAME\" name=\"LASTNAME\" autocomplete=\"off\" data-required=\"true\" required \/>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n\r\n              <label class=\"entry__error entry__error--primary\" style=\"font-size:16px; text-align:left; font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#661d1d; background-color:#ffeded; border-radius:3px; border-color:#ff4949;\">\r\n              <\/label>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div style=\"padding: 8px 0;\">\r\n          <div class=\"sib-input sib-form-block\">\r\n            <div class=\"form__entry entry_block\">\r\n              <div class=\"form__label-row \">\r\n                <label class=\"entry__label\" style=\"font-weight: 500; text-align:left; font-size:16px; text-align:left; font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#3c4858;\" for=\"COMPANY\">Company<\/label>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"entry__field\">\r\n                  <input class=\"input \" maxlength=\"200\" type=\"text\" id=\"COMPANY\" name=\"COMPANY\" autocomplete=\"off\" \/>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n\r\n              <label class=\"entry__error entry__error--primary\" style=\"font-size:16px; text-align:left; font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#661d1d; background-color:#ffeded; border-radius:3px; border-color:#ff4949;\">\r\n              <\/label>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n        <div style=\"padding: 8px 0;\">\r\n          <div class=\"sib-input sib-form-block\">\r\n            <div class=\"form__entry entry_block\">\r\n              <div class=\"form__label-row \">\r\n                <label class=\"entry__label\" style=\"font-weight: 500; text-align:left; font-size:16px; text-align:left; font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#3c4858;\" for=\"COUNTRY\">Country<\/label>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"entry__field\">\r\n                  <input class=\"input \" maxlength=\"200\" type=\"text\" id=\"COUNTRY\" name=\"COUNTRY\" autocomplete=\"off\" \/>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n\r\n              <label class=\"entry__error entry__error--primary\" style=\"font-size:16px; text-align:left; font-family:Helvetica, sans-serif; color:#661d1d; background-color:#ffeded; 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Please check the field format and try again.\";\r\n\r\n  window.translation = {\r\n    common: {\r\n      selectedList: '{quantity} Liste ausgew\u00e4hlt',\r\n      selectedLists: '{quantity} Listen ausgew\u00e4hlt',\r\n      selectedOption: '{quantity} ausgew\u00e4hlt',\r\n      selectedOptions: '{quantity} ausgew\u00e4hlt',\r\n    }\r\n  };\r\n\r\n  var AUTOHIDE = Boolean(0);\r\n<\/script>\r\n\r\n<script defer src=\"https:\/\/sibforms.com\/forms\/end-form\/build\/main.js\"><\/script>\r\n\r\n<!-- END - We recommend to place the above code in footer or bottom of your website html  -->\r\n<!-- End Brevo Form --><p style=\"font-size:12px;padding-left:16px;\">Your e-mail address is only used to send you our newsletter and information about the activities of Cubro Network Visibility. You can always use the unsubscribe link included in the newsletter.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":0,"parent":27517,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_searchwp_excluded":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","neve_meta_reading_time":"","_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-27243","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"neve-blog":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Gianni","author_link":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/blog\/author\/gianni\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":null,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27243","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27243"}],"version-history":[{"count":189,"href":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27243\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30731,"href":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27243\/revisions\/30731"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27517"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cubro.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27243"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}